Evaluate Augustus’ Relations with the Senate - 1436 Words

Evaluate Augustus’ relations with the Senate. After a century of civil wars and wide-spread fear and chaos, a new and promising leader arose, who, despite his comparably humble origins was soon to be called Augustus, the revered one, by the Senators. This once, dominant body placed hope in this single man and bestowed numerable honours upon him, concentrating the power of patronage and promotion through which he eventually outranked all the other Senators in the state. By general consent of the Roman Senators, he arose as the one who would restore the Roman Republic. Despite Augustus’ claim to have restored the Republic, the Roman State, during the larger part of his rule, qualifies as a new form of government, namely the Principate,†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœThe Senators preferred the safety of the present to the dangers of the past’. The time of emergency measures was over and there was no one left to challenge Augustus, he continued to be re-elected as consul from 31BCE to 23BCE setting the foundations of his powerful status. Although he â€Å"had resigned the title of Triumvir, [...] it might have been contended that he continued inconspicuously to exercise the dictatorial powers of that office, has the question been of concern to men at the time.† The extent of his powers was of no concern to most of the Senators. Augustus’ immense authority provided him with a more elevated status than his legal positio n. As Tacitus points out, opposition was non – existent and the Emperor was able to concentrate the functions of the Senate, the magistrates and the laws in himself, because so many of the bold spirits had died during the past battles and proscriptions. Now that Augustus had dealt with the most eminent dangers for the Roman State, the time had come to establish and consolidate a new form of government and his own positions within it. Therefore it was one of Augustus’ main concerns to make the Senate a â€Å"useful and important instrument of government within the new order†. One of Augustus’ imperative objectives was to cut down the corporate body to its former size, which Augustus achieved by holding lectio senates in 28 and 18 BCE.Show MoreRelatedThe Achievements Of Augustus Have Serve As The Basis Of His Achievements1942 Words   |  8 PagesEvaluate the achievements of Augustus The achievements of Augustus are numerous and span across many different contexts; social, political, and military. For the purpose of this essay, the phases of Augustus life will serve as the basis of his achievements. Augustus was born in September 63 BC in an era of the Roman Republic that was rife with civil unrest and political instability, and over his 76 years he ...found Rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble. (Suetonius and Carter 1982)Read MoreMidterm 3 History Essay8024 Words   |  33 PagesCC 302/CTI 310: Midterm Exam Short Answer Questions  ·   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What was the position of the tribunes on the escalating conflict between Caesar, Pompey and the senate?   What was Cicero’s position? o   Ã‚  The tribunes were advocating for compromise with Caesar by offering him legal protection and military power. o   Ã‚  Cicero was supporting the senate and Pompey and was in Rome stirring up trouble for the first Triumvirate by speaking out of ending Caesar’s Gallic command to prosecute him for his injusticesRead MoreBrain and Assignment9854 Words   |  40 Pagesyour study material. 1.8.1 Examination admission The Department of Education requires the university to prove that a student has been active during the period of tuition before the student will be subsidised by the Department of Education. Senate has approved that the submission of a compulsory assignment will be used to prove activity and also that students will be admitted to the examination by submitting the assignment. The credit system has been abolished and examination admission isRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pagessuch provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned A BILL To provide affordable, quality health care for all Americans and reduce the growth in health care spending, and for other purposes. 1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa- 2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF DIVISIONS, TITLES, rmajette on DSK29S0YB1PROD with BILLS 4 5 AND SUBTITLES. (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may

Causes And Slavery In George Orwells Animal Farm - 766 Words

George Orwell’s â€Å"Animal Farm† is a novella about the rebellion of farm animals against their owner. It was a satirical, dystopian book, commenting on Soviet Russia at the time (Wikipedia). The book is a great journey into the mind of farm animals that have had enough of being abused. A classic story such as this can only be described as a fairy tale, but for adults. In the beginning of the book, the farm’s owner, Mr.Jones comes home and goes straight to bed. Knowing that they are safe to congregate, the animals meet in the barn, listening to a lecture from a pig named Old Major. He tells his comrades that he had a dream in which they were free from humans, and all animals were equal. He also taught them a song about animals becoming free†¦show more content†¦Every week they would have meeting and discuss things that needed to be discussed, make decisions, and take votes. Most of the time though, Snowball and Napoleon disagreed. Snowball had the idea to start educating the other animals, while Napoleon decided to take 9 puppies and educate them himself. Later, Mr. Jones comes back and tries to reclaim the farm, only to be defeated again in the Battle of the Cowshed. With a renewed confidence, Snowball and Napoleon begin to argue more and more. It is clear now that they are both struggling to be the dominant pig on the farm. Snowball creates the idea of building a windmill that will harness electricity, but Napoleon disagrees. They hold a meeting to let everyone hear their sides and make a final decision. After Snowball gives a strong speech, Napoleon swiftly gives his argument and calls the dogs he took earlier. The dogs he was supposed to educate were really being trained as attack dogs. They chased Snowball off the farm, and left Napoleon in charge. As the sole leader, Napoleon states that pigs will make all decisions. He also changed his mind, and made everyone, including Boxer, rebuild the Windmill. One day, though, he find s it collapsed and blames Snowball for sabotaging it. Napoleon also gets rid of anyone with a differing opinion, and starts breaking the commandments. He starts acting more like a human, drinking alcohol, sleeping in a bed, and trading with other farmers.Show MoreRelatedTheme of Fear in George Orwells Novels Essay1560 Words   |  7 PagesFear within the ignorant animals of Animal Farm and defeated humans of 1984 exist to uphold each novel’s totalitarian government. Each of these George Orwell novels delve into the power and manipulation of an absolute dictatorship. Napoleon in Animal Farm and Big Brother in 1984 both claim the newly established system of authority is of superior quality than the preceding regime. Apprehension is due to both fictional and realistic threats, twisted for the government’s power-hungry use. Feelings ofRead MoreOrwell s Animal Farm As A Critique Of Bourgeoisie- Proletariat Relation And How Tyranny Operates1475 Words   |  6 PagesConnect ion: George Orwell’s Animal Farm as a critique of Bourgeoisie- Proletariat Relation and How Tyranny Operates Literature is said to be the mirror of a society and one of the major functions of it has been to make people aware of their surroundings as well as themselves. While many writers of today might digress from the true purpose of writing, the classics have always held a special place in what may be called as the awakening of the individuals. In this context, George Orwell’s Animal Farm- A FairyRead MoreOld Majors Speech In Animal Farm By George Orwell728 Words   |  3 Pagesreading George Orwell’s Animal Farm, one may take better care of his or her fluffy white cat! Easily recognized as a fable, in his book Animal Farm, Orwell uses free willed, self-thinking animals to struggle for their freedoms in much the same way man does. It is not just a fable though; it is based on reality. George Orwell (or Erik Blare) dealt with conflict with social democracy, communists, and capitalism his entire life, and it sparked his novel. The one who sparked the movement on Manor Farm wa sRead More Animal Farm Essay836 Words   |  4 Pages George Orwell’s political satire â€Å"Animal Farm† makes some interesting contrasts between the patriotic character of Old Major, an older majestic looking pig, and Napoleon, a pig who seems to bide his time waiting for the right moment to seize control for his own evil purpose. Old Major makes a patriotic speech to the assembled group, expounding the virtues of animalism (socialism) In effect he is calling for a utopian socialism in which the community must sacrifice for the collective well beingRead MoreEssay about Utopia Vs. Dystopia959 Words   |  4 Pagestype of novel warns that if the tendencies of the real world are not corrected before its too late, the hideous world suggested will become a reality. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;George Orwell is one of those authors who has chosen to express his views in an anti-utopian way. Both his books, 1984, and Animal Farm clearly depict the world as it may become if something is not changed. 1984 was written in 1948. When it was first published, there was a great deal of criticism. Some saw it as a prophecyRead MoreThe Works of George Orwell2180 Words   |  9 Pagesof George Orwells writings, one topic that Orwell discusses and shows his concern toward most is the ideology of â€Å"Propaganda† and how it is utilized by powerful political parties and leaders. Orwell is very fearful of propaganda because political parties are capable of using this concept as a weapon to control behavior and thoughts of people. In my essay I will be discussing the following works of George Orwell: Looking Back on the Spanish War, Politics and the English Language, Animal Farm andRead More Geroge Orwell Essay1878 Words   |  8 PagesOrwell bequeathed u s was the adjective ‘Orwellian’†¦. It is a frightening word, generally applied to a society organized to crush and dehumanize the individual, sometimes signifying the alienation of that individual if he dares to rebel† (Lewis 13). George Orwell, the pseudonym for Eric Arthur Blair, depicted the importance of the individual in society and the danger of too much community in his literature. Through his personal experiences, however, he explored the ideas of socialism and was torn betweenRead MoreFree Will And Individualism In George Orwells 1984 And Toni Morrison1603 Words   |  7 Pagesof peace and progressive, but they also have been viewed as weakness and a liability. Although free will and individualism should be viewed as good, there are times in history when they were considered a problem. These times are addressed in George Orwell’s 1984 and Toni Morrison’s Beloved. Both novels choose to outline the lost of free will and individualism t hrough the lens of an oppressed group, and while the oppression that each group have their differences, both express how free will and individualismRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s The First Place 1449 Words   |  6 Pagesarticulate his thoughts into words, and take time to write such a lengthy piece in an organised manner. This part calls for exploration and asks the reader to delve into the intricacies of the thought process and beliefs of the author. It is said that George Orwell underwent a huge deal of trouble, not only mentally, but physically as well, during the period of time where he wrote this masterpiece. He was fighting tuberculosis, and had to be in and out of the hospital innumerable times. He had no instrumentRead MoreThe Best Paper Evvver1898 Words   |  8 PagesThe Prince? 1) One recurring theme in The Prince was that successful war is the foundation upon which all states are built. 2) Another is that it is better for a prince to be feared then hated or loved. 3) The last is free will and the cause of a prince’s success or failure is caused by his own free will. 3) Describe the Role of armies according to Machiavelli. According to Machiavelli the role of armies id to defend the kingdom and to expand into new territories but he warns

The Secret Circle The Power Chapter Sixteen Free Essays

â€Å"Are you okay?† Cassie asked Suzan, whom she happened to be lying on. â€Å"Is everybody okay?† The Circle was lying scattered over the vacant lot as if some giant hand had dropped them. But everyone was moving. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Power Chapter Sixteen or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"I think my arm’s broken,† Deborah said, rather calmly. Laurel crawled over to her to look at it. Cassie stared around the lot. The house was gone. Number Thirteen was a barren piece of land again. And the light was changing. â€Å"Look,† Melanie said, her face turned up. This time there was joy and reverence in her voice. The moon was showing silver again, just a thin crescent, but now the crescent was growing. The blood color was gone. â€Å"We did it,† Doug said, his blond hair disheveled more wildly than Cassie had ever seen it. He grinned. â€Å"Hey! We did it!† â€Å"Cassie did it,† Nick said. â€Å"Is he really gone?† Suzan asked sharply. â€Å"Gone for good this time?† Cassie looked around again, sensing nothing but brisk air and the endlessly moving sea. The earth was quiet. There was no light but moon and stars. â€Å"I think he is,† she whispered. â€Å"I think we won.† Then she turned quickly to Adam. â€Å"What about the hurricane?† He was fumbling at his belt with the radio. â€Å"I hope it’s not broken,† he said, and put the headphones on, listening. Limping and crawling, they all gathered around him, and waited. He kept listening, shaking his head, flicking the channels. His face was tense. Cassie saw Diana beside her, and reached out to take her hand. They sat together, hanging on. Then Adam sat straight suddenly. â€Å"Gale force winds on Cape Cod . . . storm moving northeast. . . northeast! It’s turned! It’s heading out to sea!† The Henderson brothers cheered, but Melanie hushed them. Adam was talking again. â€Å"High tides . . . flooding . . . but it’s okay, nobody’s hurt. Property damage, that’s all. We did it! We really did it!† â€Å"Cassie did it – † Nick was beginning again, irritably, but Adam had leaped up and grabbed Cassie and was whirling her in the air. Cassie shrieked and kept shrieking as he swooped her around. She hadn’t seen Adam this happy since †¦ well, she couldn’t remember when she’d seen Adam this happy. Since the beach on Cape Cod, she guessed, when he’d flashed that daredevil smile at her. She’d forgotten, in their months of trouble, that grimness wasn’t Adam’s natural state. Like Herne, she thought, when she was deposited, breathless and flushed, back on her feet. The horned god of the forest was a god of joyful celebration. Chris and Doug were trying to dance with her now, both together. Adam was waltzing Diana. Cassie collapsed, laughing, just as something large and furry hit her and rolled her over. â€Å"Raj!† Adam said. â€Å"I told you to stay at home!† â€Å"He’s about as obedient as all of you,† Cassie gasped, hugging the German shepherd as his wet tongue lapped her face. â€Å"But I’m glad you came. All you guys, not the dog,† she said, looking around at them. â€Å"We couldn’t just leave you in there,† Sean said. Doug snickered, but he slapped the smaller boy on the back. â€Å"‘Course not, tiger,† he said, and rolled his eyes at Cassie. Cassie was looking at Faye, who had been sitting a little apart from everyone else, the way Nick used to do. â€Å"I’m glad you came to join us too,† she said. Faye didn’t look anything at all like a stenographer. Her mane of pitch-black hair was loose over her shoulders, and the black shift exposed more pale honey-colored skin than it covered. She looked a little bit like a panther and a lot like a jungle queen. Her heavy-lidded golden eyes met Cassie’s directly, and a small smile tugged at the corners of her lips. Then she looked down. â€Å"I can do my nails red again, anyway,† she said lazily. Cassie turned away, hiding a smile of her own. That was probably as much acknowledgement from Faye as she was ever going to get. â€Å"If you guys are all finished yelling and dancing,† Laurel said, in a carefully patient voice, â€Å"can we go home now? Because Deborah’s arm is broken.† Cassie jumped up guiltily. â€Å"Why didn’t you say so?† â€Å"Aw, it’s nothing,† Deborah said. But she let Nick and Laurel help her up. As they walked back, Cassie was struck by another thought. Her mother. Black John was dead, the hurricane was detoured, but what about her mother? â€Å"Can we take Deborah to the crones?† she asked Diana. â€Å"That’s the best place, anyway,† Diana said. â€Å"They know the most about healing.† She looked at Cassie with understanding in her green eyes, then she took Cassie’s hand and squeezed it. I’ve got to prepare myself, Cassie thought as they approached Number Four. I’ve got to be ready. She could be dead. She could be just the same as when I left there . . . lying on that bed. She could stay that way forever. Whatever happens, I kept my promise. I stopped Black John. He won’t ever hurt her again. Cassie glanced up at the moon before stepping up to Melanie’s house. It was a thick crescent now, a fat happy moon. She took it as a good omen. Inside, candles flickered. Cassie wondered for one wild instant if the three old ladies were still dancing around sky-clad, and then she saw the parlor. Great-aunt Constance was sitting as stiff as a ramrod on the rounded seat of a chair, immaculately dressed and looking very proper as she served tea by candlelight to her three guests. To her three guests . . . â€Å"Mom.'† cried Cassie, and she ran forward, knocking over one of Great-aunt Constance’s fragile chairs as she went. The next minute she was holding her mother, hugging her wildly on Aunt Constance’s couch. And her mother was hugging back. â€Å"Good heavens, Cassie,† her mother said a few minutes later, pulling away slightly to look at her. â€Å"The way you’re dressed . . .† Cassie felt for the diadem, which had fallen askew. She settled it on her head and looked into her mother’s eyes. She was so happy to see those eyes looking back at her, and seeing, that she forgot to answer. Deborah’s voice came from the hallway, tired but proud. â€Å"She’s our leader,† she said. Then: â€Å"Anybody got an aspirin?† â€Å"Well, obviously it isn’t just temporary,† Laurel said, looking nettled. â€Å"I mean, we elected you.† â€Å"And you came through,† Deborah said, taking a large bite out of an apple with the hand that wasn’t in a cast. It was the next day. There was no school, because of minor storm damage and the disappearance of the principal. The Circle was enjoying the unseasonably mild weather by having a picnic in Diana’s backyard. â€Å"But we’ve got two leaders now,† said Chris. â€Å"Or is Faye unelected?† â€Å"Hardly,† Faye said, with a withering glance. Melanie shifted thoughtfully, her gray eyes considering. â€Å"Well, other covens have had more than one leader. The original coven did; remember, Black John was only one of the leaders. You could share with Faye, Cassie.† Cassie shook her head. â€Å"Not without Diana.† â€Å"Huh?† said Doug. Nick directed an amused glance at her. â€Å"Diana might not want the honor,† he said. â€Å"I don’t care,† Cassie said, before Diana could say anything. â€Å"I won’t be leader without Diana. I’ll quit. I’ll go back to California.† â€Å"Look, you can’t all be leaders,† Deborah began. â€Å"Why not?† Melanie asked, sitting up. â€Å"Actually, it’s a good idea. You could be a triumvirate. You know, like in Roman times; they had three rulers.† â€Å"Diana might not want to,† Nick repeated, with rising inflection. But Cassie got up and went over to her anxiously. â€Å"You will, won’t you?† she said. â€Å"For me?† Diana looked at her, then at the rest of the Club. â€Å"Yeah, go on,† Doug said expansively. â€Å"Three’s a good number,† Laurel added, smiling impishly. Faye sighed heavily. â€Å"Oh, why not?† she grumbled, looking in the other direction. Diana looked at Cassie. â€Å"All right,† she said. Cassie hugged her. Diana pushed a strand of fair hair back. â€Å"Now I’ve got something for you to do,† she said. â€Å"As a leader, you’re not a junior member of the coven anymore, Cassie, but nobody else can do this. Will you please go and dig up that box I gave you on the night of Hecate?† â€Å"The trust festival box? Is this the time to unbury it?† â€Å"Yes,† Diana said. â€Å"It is.† She was looking at Melanie and Melanie was nodding at her, obviously sharing some secret. Cassie looked at both of them, puzzled, but then she went down the road to get the box, accompanied only by Raj, who trotted along behind her. It was wonderful to be alone, and to know that nothing was out to get her. She dug in the sand near the big rock where she’d buried it that night, and pulled the damp box out. The sea flashed and sparkled at her. She brought it back to Diana’s house, breathless from the walk, and presented it to Diana. â€Å"What’s in there? More Master Tools?† Doug said. â€Å"It’s probably some girl thing,† said Chris. Diana bent over the box, an odd expression on her face. â€Å"You didn’t open it,† she said to Cassie. Cassie shook her head. â€Å"Well, I know you didn’t,† Diana said. â€Å"I knew you wouldn’t. But I wanted you to know. Anyway, it’s yours; and what’s inside it, too. It’s a present.† She blew drying sand off the box and handed it back to Cassie. Cassie looked at her doubtfully, then shook the box. It rattled lightly, as if there were something small inside. She glanced at Diana again. Then, hesitantly, with an almost scared feeling, she opened it. Inside, there was only one object. A little oval of rock, pale blue swirled with gray, embedded all over with tiny crystals which sparkled in the sunlight. The chalcedony rose. Every muscle frozen but her eyes, Cassie looked at Diana. She didn’t know what to do or say. She didn’t understand. But her heart was beating violently. â€Å"It’s yours,† Diana said again, and then, as Cassie just crouched there, immobile, she looked at Melanie. â€Å"Maybe you’d better explain.† Melanie cleared her throat. â€Å"Well,† she said, and looked over at Adam, who was sitting as still as Cassie. He hadn’t said much all morning, and now he was staring at Diana wordlessly, riveted. â€Å"Well,† Melanie said again. Adam still wouldn’t look at her, so she went on anyway. â€Å"It was when Adam was telling us about how he met you,† she said to Cassie. â€Å"He described a connection – what you called a silver cord. You remember that?† â€Å"Yes,† said Cassie, not moving otherwise. She was looking at Diana now too, searching Diana’s face. Diana looked back serenely. â€Å"Well, the silver cord is something real, something in the old legends. The people it connects are soul mates – you know, meant to be together. So when Diana and I heard about it, we knew that’s what you and Adam are,† Melanie finished, sounding glad to be done explaining to people who wouldn’t look at her. â€Å"That was why I was surprised about Nick, you see,† Diana said to Cassie, gently. â€Å"Because I knew you could only love Adam. And I was going to tell you at the very beginning, but then you were asking me to give you another chance, to let you prove you could be faithful . . . and I thought that was a good idea. Not for me, but for you. So you’d know, Cassie, how strong you are. Do you see?† Cassie nodded mutely. â€Å"But – Diana – † she whispered. Diana blinked, her emerald eyes misting over. â€Å"Now you’re going to make me cry,† she said. â€Å"Cassie, with all the unselfishness that’s been going on around here, do you think I’m not going to do my part? You two have been waiting for months because of me. Now you don’t have to wait anymore.† â€Å"There’s nothing anybody can do about it,† Melanie put in, sympathetically but pragmatically. â€Å"You and Adam are linked, and that’s it. There isn’t anyone else for either of you, so you’re stuck together for this lifetime. Maybe for a lot of lifetimes.† Cassie, still frozen, shifted her eyes to Adam. He was looking at Diana. â€Å"Diana, I can’t just †¦ I mean, I’ll always – â€Å" â€Å"I’ll always love you, too,† Diana said steadily. â€Å"You’ll always be special to me, Adam. But it’s Cassie you’re in love with.† â€Å"Yes,† Adam whispered. Cassie looked down at the rough little stone in her palm. It was sparkling crazily and she felt very dizzy. â€Å"Go on, go over to him,† Diana said, pushing her gently. But Cassie couldn’t, so he came to her. He looked a bit dazed, but his eyes were as blue as the ocean in sunlight, and the way he smiled at her made her blush. â€Å"Go on, kiss her,† Chris said. Laurel smacked him. The rest of the Circle looked on with great interest. Adam glared at them and kissed Cassie formally on the cheek. Then, under cover of the groans, he whispered â€Å"Later,† to her in a way that made her pleasantly nervous. Can I handle Herne? she wondered, looking up at his hair that was so many colors: dark like garnet and bright like holly berries, threaded with gold in the sunshine. I guess I’m going to have to, she thought. For a lifetime, Melanie had said; maybe a lot of lifetimes. For some reason that made her look at Faye and Diana. She didn’t know why, and then she had a flash of memory. Sunlight. Golden sunlight, the smell of jasmine and lavender, a laughing voice singing. Kate. Kate’s hair had been the impossible fair color of Diana’s. But, Cassie realized now, Kate’s laughing, teasing eyes had been Faye’s. An ancestress of both of them, Cassie thought. After all, they’re cousins; they’ve got most of their ancestors in common. But something deep inside her seemed to smile, and she wondered. Was Melanie right; was it possible to have more than one life? Could a soul keep coming back to Earth? And if so, could a soul ever – split? â€Å"I think,† she said suddenly to Diana, â€Å"that you and Faye are going to have to learn to get along. I think you two . . . need each other.† â€Å"Of course,† Diana said, as if it were something everybody knew. â€Å"But why?† It was probably a crazy theory. Cassie wouldn’t tell her about it, or at least not right now. Maybe tomorrow. â€Å"I’m going to do a picture, I believe,† Diana was saying thoughtfully, â€Å"to add to my collection. What do you think of the Muse, with the moon and stars around her, looking inspired?† â€Å"I think it’s a good idea,† Cassie said unsteadily. â€Å"What we really have to talk about,† said Melanie, â€Å"is what we’re going to do with the Master Tools now. We have power; the coven has power, and we need to decide what to do with it.† â€Å"Naw, what we need to do is party,† Doug said. â€Å"To make up for all the birthdays that we missed. Chris and me didn’t get a real party, and neither did Sean or Laurel†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Environmentalist!!,† Laurel was saying firmly to Melanie. â€Å"That should be our first cause.† â€Å"I didn’t get a party either,† Suzan pointed out, delicately peeling the wrapper off a Twinkie. Faye examined her nails, jewel-red, in the sunlight. â€Å"I know some people I want to hex,† she said. Cassie looked at them all, her coven, laughing and arguing and debating with each other. She looked at Nick, who was leaning back, looking amused, and he caught her eye and winked. Then she looked at Diana, whose clear green eyes shone at her for a moment. Then, â€Å"Yes, environmentalism is good,† Diana said, turning to Laurel. â€Å"But we have to think about how to improve relations with the outsiders, too †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Cassie looked at Adam and found him looking at her. He took her hand, closing it in his own, both of them holding the chalcedony rose. Cassie looked down at their intertwined fingers, and it seemed that she could see the silver cord again, wrapping around their two hands, connecting them. But not just them. Filaments of the cord seemed to web out and touch the others of the group, linking them together with silver light. They were all connected, all part of one another, and the light shone around them to touch the earth and sky and sea. Sky and sea, keep harm from me. Earth and fire, bring my desire. They had. And they would in the future. With her inner vision, Cassie saw that the Circle was part of something bigger, like a spiral that went on and on forever, encompassing everything, touching the stars. â€Å"I love you,† Adam whispered. From the center of the Circle, Cassie smiled. How to cite The Secret Circle: The Power Chapter Sixteen, Essay examples

Analysis of Firm or Organisation Should Be Protected Against DOS

Question: Discuss about the Analysis On How An Organisation/Firm Should Be Protected Against Denial Of Service (Dos) Attacks In Wireless Sensor Network. Answer: Introduction Nowadays, with the vast advancement of the technologies, internet is becoming the most popular need of the people. No matter what the condition or place is but internet has become the first priorities for the new generation. Therefore, most of the small and large business houses are opting for online business through e-commerce websites. WSN i.e. Wireless sensor networks are very effective and its implementation is very easy. Because of so much of ease and flexibility, it is widely used in business as well as military applications. But there is lack of security issues as well as energy resources which make it very vulnerable to the security threats. As discussed above, the most popular attack is DOS. It disrupts the services by disabling the machine access to the user. It weakens the network connectivity and rends the website network to be incapable of providing the services that they are actually targeted to. This attack works by sending a no. of packets at the victims end that weakens his network connectivity and deny the user to have access to the data (Gong, 2007).. Various techniques have been developed by several researchers that prevent the DOS attack. These prevention techniques are usually based upon AI, Soft computing and multi-agent computing approaches. Most of the business websites are disrupted by DOS attack. It has become the biggest threat to the e-business because of its low security concern. These attacks can result in loss of data, reputation and even money loss for the business. It also disable some services that results in operation delays for the organizations. For a business website these attacks can jam the organization data base by crafting SQL queries and block users by repeating invalid login requests. These attacks may also result in formatting the data from the server computer systems and can cease the website operations that are being accessed by multiple users Risks through Denial of Service DOS works on the concept that overloading a system can crash the system easily. In website applications, it overloads the software by sending multiple no. of attacks due to which the application functioning stops or the application does not remain able to provide the proper web pages. For crashing the web application, threats are send to the following services: Bandwidth of the network Total memory of the server Exception handling approaches of the system Usage of CPU by Application Database connect Space for storing database Earlier, the DOS attacks were used by ethical hackers so as to protest any of the website, but the study has confirmed that these attacks are used as cybercrime profit making tool. In case, if prevention is absent, these threats can lead to: Extortion: The DOS attackers can disrupt the network until the complete payment is not processed. Sabotage: It can attack the websites in order to increase the share rates in the market. Damaging brands: Insecurity of websites may loosen the brands reputation to a great extent. Financial loss: DOS attack does not allow the websites to run their business online effectively that result in loss of advertisement cost and sales revenue. Approaches for Launching DOS attack: There are several ways that an attacker can follow to launch DOS attack: They can attack the system by unplugging the network server. This can only be done if the attackers can contact the servers physically. Another way is by coordination of large no. of computers called zombie computers. This attack is launched to perform attacking at a very large level. This can be done against the target by using: Buffer overflows in the functioning of applications. Upload large files to the server. Recursive queries of SQL. Complex search queries There are various tactics that are used by attackers. The mostly used tactics are as follows: Ping Flooding This is also known as Smurf attack. The working of this testing include the sending of large no. of ping packets to the target. This sending of packets is performed by using ping command. It is the easiest way to launch the attack. The only requirement is to increase the website traffic by sending large no. of packets to such extent that the traffic exceeds the network bandwidth of the website. The packets can also be sent by using forged message addressing. In this, the senders address in not present, therefore it results in ending closed networks. By increasing the no. of packets, we can successfully disrupt the network. Peer-to-Peer In these attacks the attackers disconnect the peer-to-peer connectivity in the targeted system network and connect the target systems website with itself. If there are large no. of systems that are trying to connect to the target system, ten it will surely lower the performance of the web application and result in overflowing of data (Stavros, 2012). In these types of attacks there is no need to have the communication with the systems that the attackers use to launch the attack. Application Level Floods These attacks are not for exploitation of the network bandwidth of the targeted network but it deals with the creation of confusion in the computer applications that result in filling up of the system memory and ultimately in degrading the performance of the application. This tactic is usually performed by using buffer overloading technique. Need to prevent DOS attacks Before moving towards the prevention techniques for DOS attacks, firstly we should know why it is required to prevent these attacks. These attacks are randomly used once they are launched for disrupting any medium, small or large business. If these attacks are not launched for high profile websites then it is launched because of any of the following reasons: Grudge: Enemy or any jealous employee or competitors may have the wish to disrupt a business website so as to get financial profit or to take any kind of revenge. Name Confusion: There may be chances that the websites name can be resembled to any persons name or any place name. Easy target: Small business houses usually dont opt for the security against DOS attack. Therefore, some new start-ups can use their business knowledge for their betterments. Bad luck: Sometimes, in random selection, the attackers choose the website and attack them. These attacks are always unknown and unintentional for the business websites. Therefore there must be proper prevention against these attacks so as to improve the business efficiency as well as for making greater profits. Preventive measures for DOS attack Various preventive measures have been given by several researches that can prevent the websites and system from DOS attack. Following is the table that contain the comparison between the techniques that are being used for prevention from DOS attacks: Technique name Harmful Behaviour Good behaviour Parameters Protocols Evaluating Parameters Game theory Threshold values and falsifying label Reputation Cooperation, reliability, density and distance UDSR protocol Mean of dropped packets Repeated game theory Fails in recognizing the node agreeing to the forward packets. Cooperation Forward packet cost, reputation, rating DSR protocol Hops no. in packets received KDS protection Replication of nodes Reputation HEED protocol Use of energy and life time of the network MOM Frequent attacks to the content Utility Content and no. of messages MOM protocol Packets low rate and amount of packets Cooperative game theory Total detection ratio Attack detection cost Fuzzy Q-Learning protocol Defence rate accuracy and consumption of energy Bayesian game theory Presence of nodes that are non-cooperative Reputation S-LEACH Packets dropped and throughput Prevention and detection based on strength Reply of the message hello Strength of the signal Signal strength AODV routing Receive packets, dropped packets and the ratio of delivery of packets Economical modelling for Security enforcing Presence of nodes that are non-cooperative Reputation SAR Reputation and dropped packets mean Framework base on ant Flooding Low cost Size of buffer Ant-Based Co-FAIS Low time response Usage of energy and in time response Co-FAIS Accurate calculations of the rate of defence and high consumption of electricity The game theory technique is based on the USDR protocol and is used as for routing of security. The protocol used in this technique is actually derived from DSR protocol. In this technique there are four main components: a) Watch-list b) Utility c) Cooperation d) Reputation. Out of all these components, Watch-list is for identifying the code that is malicious in nature, the value of the Utility helps in choosing the security routes, both the remaining components are used for calculating the misbehaviour of the nodes. The repeated game theory protocol is actually based on the theory of a game that is for the recognition of the nodes agreeing to packets that are forward but the nodes are unable to agree the packets. This technique maintains cooperation between the system nodes and if a node behaves as non-cooperative nodes, it does punish those nodes. First of all, the clustering of the sensor nodes is done using the HEED protocol. The residual energy and inter cluster communication are the two parameters of the clusters that are used for selecting CHs value. On detection of a harmful node by the CH, the KDS is sent a request in which KDS disrupts all the operations that are being performed by the harmful node. This disruption is done by deletion of the secret key of the harmful node which makes the node keyless and hence results in disruption of the operations performed by that node. MOM stands for message observation mechanism. In this mechanism, the identification of the content attack as well as the frequent attack is done by using MOM similarity function. After this identification, the harmful node is isolated by adopting rekey and rerouting via MOM. There are three components of MOM: a) NML b) AML c) OM. Here NML stands for normal message list, AML stands for abnormal message list and OM stands for Observation mechanism (Gregory, 2015). The cooperative game theory is based upon Fuzzy Q-Learning protocol. Actually, this technique is made from combining two theories: game and Fuzzy Q. This technique can identify present as well as future attacks. The present attacks are identified via using game theory and the future attacks are identified via using Q-Learning mechanism. These can also identify irregular attacks. In this, three players are present that performs all the tasks. These players are a) Sink node B) base station c) attacker. The sink node is used for monitoring of the message attacks via operation called FQL. If the sink node receives the abnormal message, it sends the alarming signal to the base station, here the sensor node is being assaulted by the attacker. Beyesian game protocol is used for securing the LEACH protocol. This is also called S-LEACH. There are two rounds in this protocol: a) set up phase b) steady state phase. In first phase, the selection of the cluster heads is performed, in the second phase, the time is assigned to the sensor nodes to the belonging Clusters via CHs. These can also perform the transmission of data from the nodes to the clusters. The prevention and detection strength protocol is based on the Hello flood protocol. This protocol attacks on the network layer of the system. In this technique, we make use of the hello message for detecting a nodes presence. On the receiving of the message by any of the node, its neighbour table are updated by the node. This update process is performed so as to route the node in the forward direction to the base station. In this a friend and strange node is detected by using simple text packets. The node that receives the hello message reply a simple text packet to the sending node, if the node receives the reply with in the allotted time then it is considered as friend node else is considered as stranger node. This algorithm makes use of AODV-HFDP algorithm for routing procedure. The Economical model protocol for strength is also known as SAR. SAR stands for Secure Auction based routing. In this timeout timer is used for recognition of harmful node. If the time expires while the nodes are moving towards the destination, it added the bad route nodes to the base station and then the placing of these nodes is done in the watch-list. If a node is repeated in the watch-list, it is ignored by the watch-list and it displays all the remaining nodes. In the ant-based protocol, the detection of the attack is done by the DDA. Here DDA stands for DDOS detecting Ants. In case of the high traffic the control from the DDA is transferred to the DPA. If the packets received by DPA are unaffected by the attack then these are considered as uncontaminated packets and if the received packets are affected then these are considered as contaminated packets and are neglected. The Co-FAIS technique works by the continuous sniffing of data from network and the inspection of the behaviour of the sensors. There are six modules in this technique: a) sniffer b) Fuzzy misuse detector c) Danger detection d) Q-Learning vaccination e) cooperative making of decision f) response. First of all, the packets are received by the sniffer module, then this module transmit all the packets to the detection module where the similarity of the packets is compared by Fuzzy misuse detector. Then the compared packets are transferred to the danger detection mode where the current system usage profile and normal usage file of the system is compared. Then the vaccination system examines the threshold of the used system and then the decision making mode selects the behaviour of the packet as per the comparison of detection modes and vaccination modes, if it examines a real cause attack then the response module removes it, else it keeps the packets. Evaluation All the above techniques that are used for the prevention of system from Denial of Service attack are compared as per their meaning, protocols used by them, their disadvantages, advantages and parameters. Each of the above technique is based upon the finding of the harmful attack and then ignoring it. These harmful packets are removed so as to prevent from the DOS attack. Out of all the above mentioned techniques, Co-FAIS can be considered as the most effective technique for preventing the system for the Denial of Service attack. It is because that in all other techniques only the sent nodes behaviour is being checked. While in the Co-FAIS technique, the behaviour of the node is identified along with it all the neighbour nodes are also alerted with the identification pattern which makes the system more secure. But there are some disadvantages of this technique which are needed to be resolved so as to get the best results from this technique (Booth, 2007). Updates required in Current Co-FAIS system It is an immune system that is used for the prevention from DOS attacks in wireless sensor networks. It is a real time method for providing real time security to the system. This technique has lot of advantages but there are various disadvantages too. It lacks the capabilities of learning and other than this, it is a single normal model due to which it remains constant during the process of detection. The current Co-FAIS system can be modified by the addition of two learning parameters in the logic given by fuzzy. It will reduce the disadvantages of this technique and also increase the detection accuracy rate of the system and helps in improving the capabilities of learning. The modified immune system contains 6 components: Sniffer module: The main aim of this module is the grabbing of the packets from the online networks and then the transmission of those packets to the Fuzzy Misuse detector module. Fuzzy Misuse Detector: This step involves the identification of the harmful packet. The main aim of this step is to compare the reports of the currently processed packets with the normal packets and finding the packets that cross the threshold value. If the threshold value of the packets exceeds the limit value then it sends the attack warning and if remains under the limit then the system is safe from any kind of threat. Danger Detector: If the previous step, detected the attack then the main aim of this module is the calculation of the difference between the harmful packet parameters and the parameters of normal packets. Fuzzy Q-learning detection: The main step of observation of the attack is performed in this module. This module makes the use of FQL protocol for this purpose. This protocol consists of fuzzy controller. The main aim of this fuzzy controller is the conversion of continuous inputs into the fuzzy sets. There are six fuzzy sets: Eu Tr Bs Co Th Si Here, Eu stands for usage of energy. Tr stands for response time. Bs stands for Buffer size. Co stands for count. Th stands for throughput And Si stands for Sleep interval. A threshold value is given to each of the Fuzzy state and then the optimal cost of the system can be calculated as per its values Cooperative decision making: The main aim of this module is the combining of the outcomes that we have obtained in the FMDM and FQDM detectors. This combination is performed so as to get the consolidated results of the threshold value and for analysis the source of the attack. Response: The main aim of this module is to perform the update processes in the main table and modification of all the entries of the host table. This module also deals in the production of signature related to the attack and the elimination of all the possible attacks from the system (Alzaghal, 2006). In this way, by the addition of the two new parameters in the Fuzzy Q-Learning module we can resolve the disadvantages or the limitations of the Co-FAIS system by improving its learning capabilities and increasing the accuracy of the detection rate of the attacks. Conclusion Denial of service attacks reduces the system performance to a great extent. In Wireless sensing networks, the integrity and the protection of the data are considered as the major security concerns. Dos leads to the loss of data and total insure environment for the databases. Therefore, there must be proper prevention techniques for the prevention of the system from DOS attacks. Various researchers have developed several techniques that can be used for the prevention of system from the DOS attacks. In this paper, we have studied a lot regarding the WSN and DOS attack to the system. This much knowledge is sufficient for proposing a technique for prevention from denial of service attack. Therefore, we have proposed a new system by doing the enhancement in the C0-FAIS system. The current Co-FAIS system lacks the capabilities of learning and the detection accuracy rate is also less. Therefore, we have added two new parameters in the Fuzzy Learning detector so as to overcome the disadvantages of the current technique and getting more accurate results than ever before. The new proposed technique provides proper security to the system and prevents it completely from any of the service attacks including DOS attack. Therefore, we can easily rely on this technique for the business websites (Alrajei, 2014). References Alrajei, N. M. (2014). Intrusion detection in wireless sensor networks. Alzaghal, M. H. (2006). Wireless sensor network: channel propagation measurements and comparison with simulation. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School. Booth, J., Gildenhard, I. (2007). Cicero on the attack: invective and subversion in the orations and beyond. 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