Evaluate Augustus’ Relations with the Senate - 1436 Words

Evaluate Augustus’ relations with the Senate. After a century of civil wars and wide-spread fear and chaos, a new and promising leader arose, who, despite his comparably humble origins was soon to be called Augustus, the revered one, by the Senators. This once, dominant body placed hope in this single man and bestowed numerable honours upon him, concentrating the power of patronage and promotion through which he eventually outranked all the other Senators in the state. By general consent of the Roman Senators, he arose as the one who would restore the Roman Republic. Despite Augustus’ claim to have restored the Republic, the Roman State, during the larger part of his rule, qualifies as a new form of government, namely the Principate,†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœThe Senators preferred the safety of the present to the dangers of the past’. The time of emergency measures was over and there was no one left to challenge Augustus, he continued to be re-elected as consul from 31BCE to 23BCE setting the foundations of his powerful status. Although he â€Å"had resigned the title of Triumvir, [...] it might have been contended that he continued inconspicuously to exercise the dictatorial powers of that office, has the question been of concern to men at the time.† The extent of his powers was of no concern to most of the Senators. Augustus’ immense authority provided him with a more elevated status than his legal positio n. As Tacitus points out, opposition was non – existent and the Emperor was able to concentrate the functions of the Senate, the magistrates and the laws in himself, because so many of the bold spirits had died during the past battles and proscriptions. Now that Augustus had dealt with the most eminent dangers for the Roman State, the time had come to establish and consolidate a new form of government and his own positions within it. Therefore it was one of Augustus’ main concerns to make the Senate a â€Å"useful and important instrument of government within the new order†. One of Augustus’ imperative objectives was to cut down the corporate body to its former size, which Augustus achieved by holding lectio senates in 28 and 18 BCE.Show MoreRelatedThe Achievements Of Augustus Have Serve As The Basis Of His Achievements1942 Words   |  8 PagesEvaluate the achievements of Augustus The achievements of Augustus are numerous and span across many different contexts; social, political, and military. For the purpose of this essay, the phases of Augustus life will serve as the basis of his achievements. Augustus was born in September 63 BC in an era of the Roman Republic that was rife with civil unrest and political instability, and over his 76 years he ...found Rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble. (Suetonius and Carter 1982)Read MoreMidterm 3 History Essay8024 Words   |  33 PagesCC 302/CTI 310: Midterm Exam Short Answer Questions  ·   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What was the position of the tribunes on the escalating conflict between Caesar, Pompey and the senate?   What was Cicero’s position? o   Ã‚  The tribunes were advocating for compromise with Caesar by offering him legal protection and military power. o   Ã‚  Cicero was supporting the senate and Pompey and was in Rome stirring up trouble for the first Triumvirate by speaking out of ending Caesar’s Gallic command to prosecute him for his injusticesRead MoreBrain and Assignment9854 Words   |  40 Pagesyour study material. 1.8.1 Examination admission The Department of Education requires the university to prove that a student has been active during the period of tuition before the student will be subsidised by the Department of Education. Senate has approved that the submission of a compulsory assignment will be used to prove activity and also that students will be admitted to the examination by submitting the assignment. The credit system has been abolished and examination admission isRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pagessuch provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned A BILL To provide affordable, quality health care for all Americans and reduce the growth in health care spending, and for other purposes. 1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa- 2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF DIVISIONS, TITLES, rmajette on DSK29S0YB1PROD with BILLS 4 5 AND SUBTITLES. (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may

Causes And Slavery In George Orwells Animal Farm - 766 Words

George Orwell’s â€Å"Animal Farm† is a novella about the rebellion of farm animals against their owner. It was a satirical, dystopian book, commenting on Soviet Russia at the time (Wikipedia). The book is a great journey into the mind of farm animals that have had enough of being abused. A classic story such as this can only be described as a fairy tale, but for adults. In the beginning of the book, the farm’s owner, Mr.Jones comes home and goes straight to bed. Knowing that they are safe to congregate, the animals meet in the barn, listening to a lecture from a pig named Old Major. He tells his comrades that he had a dream in which they were free from humans, and all animals were equal. He also taught them a song about animals becoming free†¦show more content†¦Every week they would have meeting and discuss things that needed to be discussed, make decisions, and take votes. Most of the time though, Snowball and Napoleon disagreed. Snowball had the idea to start educating the other animals, while Napoleon decided to take 9 puppies and educate them himself. Later, Mr. Jones comes back and tries to reclaim the farm, only to be defeated again in the Battle of the Cowshed. With a renewed confidence, Snowball and Napoleon begin to argue more and more. It is clear now that they are both struggling to be the dominant pig on the farm. Snowball creates the idea of building a windmill that will harness electricity, but Napoleon disagrees. They hold a meeting to let everyone hear their sides and make a final decision. After Snowball gives a strong speech, Napoleon swiftly gives his argument and calls the dogs he took earlier. The dogs he was supposed to educate were really being trained as attack dogs. They chased Snowball off the farm, and left Napoleon in charge. As the sole leader, Napoleon states that pigs will make all decisions. He also changed his mind, and made everyone, including Boxer, rebuild the Windmill. One day, though, he find s it collapsed and blames Snowball for sabotaging it. Napoleon also gets rid of anyone with a differing opinion, and starts breaking the commandments. He starts acting more like a human, drinking alcohol, sleeping in a bed, and trading with other farmers.Show MoreRelatedTheme of Fear in George Orwells Novels Essay1560 Words   |  7 PagesFear within the ignorant animals of Animal Farm and defeated humans of 1984 exist to uphold each novel’s totalitarian government. Each of these George Orwell novels delve into the power and manipulation of an absolute dictatorship. Napoleon in Animal Farm and Big Brother in 1984 both claim the newly established system of authority is of superior quality than the preceding regime. Apprehension is due to both fictional and realistic threats, twisted for the government’s power-hungry use. Feelings ofRead MoreOrwell s Animal Farm As A Critique Of Bourgeoisie- Proletariat Relation And How Tyranny Operates1475 Words   |  6 PagesConnect ion: George Orwell’s Animal Farm as a critique of Bourgeoisie- Proletariat Relation and How Tyranny Operates Literature is said to be the mirror of a society and one of the major functions of it has been to make people aware of their surroundings as well as themselves. While many writers of today might digress from the true purpose of writing, the classics have always held a special place in what may be called as the awakening of the individuals. In this context, George Orwell’s Animal Farm- A FairyRead MoreOld Majors Speech In Animal Farm By George Orwell728 Words   |  3 Pagesreading George Orwell’s Animal Farm, one may take better care of his or her fluffy white cat! Easily recognized as a fable, in his book Animal Farm, Orwell uses free willed, self-thinking animals to struggle for their freedoms in much the same way man does. It is not just a fable though; it is based on reality. George Orwell (or Erik Blare) dealt with conflict with social democracy, communists, and capitalism his entire life, and it sparked his novel. The one who sparked the movement on Manor Farm wa sRead More Animal Farm Essay836 Words   |  4 Pages George Orwell’s political satire â€Å"Animal Farm† makes some interesting contrasts between the patriotic character of Old Major, an older majestic looking pig, and Napoleon, a pig who seems to bide his time waiting for the right moment to seize control for his own evil purpose. Old Major makes a patriotic speech to the assembled group, expounding the virtues of animalism (socialism) In effect he is calling for a utopian socialism in which the community must sacrifice for the collective well beingRead MoreEssay about Utopia Vs. Dystopia959 Words   |  4 Pagestype of novel warns that if the tendencies of the real world are not corrected before its too late, the hideous world suggested will become a reality. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;George Orwell is one of those authors who has chosen to express his views in an anti-utopian way. Both his books, 1984, and Animal Farm clearly depict the world as it may become if something is not changed. 1984 was written in 1948. When it was first published, there was a great deal of criticism. Some saw it as a prophecyRead MoreThe Works of George Orwell2180 Words   |  9 Pagesof George Orwells writings, one topic that Orwell discusses and shows his concern toward most is the ideology of â€Å"Propaganda† and how it is utilized by powerful political parties and leaders. Orwell is very fearful of propaganda because political parties are capable of using this concept as a weapon to control behavior and thoughts of people. In my essay I will be discussing the following works of George Orwell: Looking Back on the Spanish War, Politics and the English Language, Animal Farm andRead More Geroge Orwell Essay1878 Words   |  8 PagesOrwell bequeathed u s was the adjective ‘Orwellian’†¦. It is a frightening word, generally applied to a society organized to crush and dehumanize the individual, sometimes signifying the alienation of that individual if he dares to rebel† (Lewis 13). George Orwell, the pseudonym for Eric Arthur Blair, depicted the importance of the individual in society and the danger of too much community in his literature. Through his personal experiences, however, he explored the ideas of socialism and was torn betweenRead MoreFree Will And Individualism In George Orwells 1984 And Toni Morrison1603 Words   |  7 Pagesof peace and progressive, but they also have been viewed as weakness and a liability. Although free will and individualism should be viewed as good, there are times in history when they were considered a problem. These times are addressed in George Orwell’s 1984 and Toni Morrison’s Beloved. Both novels choose to outline the lost of free will and individualism t hrough the lens of an oppressed group, and while the oppression that each group have their differences, both express how free will and individualismRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s The First Place 1449 Words   |  6 Pagesarticulate his thoughts into words, and take time to write such a lengthy piece in an organised manner. This part calls for exploration and asks the reader to delve into the intricacies of the thought process and beliefs of the author. It is said that George Orwell underwent a huge deal of trouble, not only mentally, but physically as well, during the period of time where he wrote this masterpiece. He was fighting tuberculosis, and had to be in and out of the hospital innumerable times. He had no instrumentRead MoreThe Best Paper Evvver1898 Words   |  8 PagesThe Prince? 1) One recurring theme in The Prince was that successful war is the foundation upon which all states are built. 2) Another is that it is better for a prince to be feared then hated or loved. 3) The last is free will and the cause of a prince’s success or failure is caused by his own free will. 3) Describe the Role of armies according to Machiavelli. According to Machiavelli the role of armies id to defend the kingdom and to expand into new territories but he warns

The Secret Circle The Power Chapter Sixteen Free Essays

â€Å"Are you okay?† Cassie asked Suzan, whom she happened to be lying on. â€Å"Is everybody okay?† The Circle was lying scattered over the vacant lot as if some giant hand had dropped them. But everyone was moving. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Power Chapter Sixteen or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"I think my arm’s broken,† Deborah said, rather calmly. Laurel crawled over to her to look at it. Cassie stared around the lot. The house was gone. Number Thirteen was a barren piece of land again. And the light was changing. â€Å"Look,† Melanie said, her face turned up. This time there was joy and reverence in her voice. The moon was showing silver again, just a thin crescent, but now the crescent was growing. The blood color was gone. â€Å"We did it,† Doug said, his blond hair disheveled more wildly than Cassie had ever seen it. He grinned. â€Å"Hey! We did it!† â€Å"Cassie did it,† Nick said. â€Å"Is he really gone?† Suzan asked sharply. â€Å"Gone for good this time?† Cassie looked around again, sensing nothing but brisk air and the endlessly moving sea. The earth was quiet. There was no light but moon and stars. â€Å"I think he is,† she whispered. â€Å"I think we won.† Then she turned quickly to Adam. â€Å"What about the hurricane?† He was fumbling at his belt with the radio. â€Å"I hope it’s not broken,† he said, and put the headphones on, listening. Limping and crawling, they all gathered around him, and waited. He kept listening, shaking his head, flicking the channels. His face was tense. Cassie saw Diana beside her, and reached out to take her hand. They sat together, hanging on. Then Adam sat straight suddenly. â€Å"Gale force winds on Cape Cod . . . storm moving northeast. . . northeast! It’s turned! It’s heading out to sea!† The Henderson brothers cheered, but Melanie hushed them. Adam was talking again. â€Å"High tides . . . flooding . . . but it’s okay, nobody’s hurt. Property damage, that’s all. We did it! We really did it!† â€Å"Cassie did it – † Nick was beginning again, irritably, but Adam had leaped up and grabbed Cassie and was whirling her in the air. Cassie shrieked and kept shrieking as he swooped her around. She hadn’t seen Adam this happy since †¦ well, she couldn’t remember when she’d seen Adam this happy. Since the beach on Cape Cod, she guessed, when he’d flashed that daredevil smile at her. She’d forgotten, in their months of trouble, that grimness wasn’t Adam’s natural state. Like Herne, she thought, when she was deposited, breathless and flushed, back on her feet. The horned god of the forest was a god of joyful celebration. Chris and Doug were trying to dance with her now, both together. Adam was waltzing Diana. Cassie collapsed, laughing, just as something large and furry hit her and rolled her over. â€Å"Raj!† Adam said. â€Å"I told you to stay at home!† â€Å"He’s about as obedient as all of you,† Cassie gasped, hugging the German shepherd as his wet tongue lapped her face. â€Å"But I’m glad you came. All you guys, not the dog,† she said, looking around at them. â€Å"We couldn’t just leave you in there,† Sean said. Doug snickered, but he slapped the smaller boy on the back. â€Å"‘Course not, tiger,† he said, and rolled his eyes at Cassie. Cassie was looking at Faye, who had been sitting a little apart from everyone else, the way Nick used to do. â€Å"I’m glad you came to join us too,† she said. Faye didn’t look anything at all like a stenographer. Her mane of pitch-black hair was loose over her shoulders, and the black shift exposed more pale honey-colored skin than it covered. She looked a little bit like a panther and a lot like a jungle queen. Her heavy-lidded golden eyes met Cassie’s directly, and a small smile tugged at the corners of her lips. Then she looked down. â€Å"I can do my nails red again, anyway,† she said lazily. Cassie turned away, hiding a smile of her own. That was probably as much acknowledgement from Faye as she was ever going to get. â€Å"If you guys are all finished yelling and dancing,† Laurel said, in a carefully patient voice, â€Å"can we go home now? Because Deborah’s arm is broken.† Cassie jumped up guiltily. â€Å"Why didn’t you say so?† â€Å"Aw, it’s nothing,† Deborah said. But she let Nick and Laurel help her up. As they walked back, Cassie was struck by another thought. Her mother. Black John was dead, the hurricane was detoured, but what about her mother? â€Å"Can we take Deborah to the crones?† she asked Diana. â€Å"That’s the best place, anyway,† Diana said. â€Å"They know the most about healing.† She looked at Cassie with understanding in her green eyes, then she took Cassie’s hand and squeezed it. I’ve got to prepare myself, Cassie thought as they approached Number Four. I’ve got to be ready. She could be dead. She could be just the same as when I left there . . . lying on that bed. She could stay that way forever. Whatever happens, I kept my promise. I stopped Black John. He won’t ever hurt her again. Cassie glanced up at the moon before stepping up to Melanie’s house. It was a thick crescent now, a fat happy moon. She took it as a good omen. Inside, candles flickered. Cassie wondered for one wild instant if the three old ladies were still dancing around sky-clad, and then she saw the parlor. Great-aunt Constance was sitting as stiff as a ramrod on the rounded seat of a chair, immaculately dressed and looking very proper as she served tea by candlelight to her three guests. To her three guests . . . â€Å"Mom.'† cried Cassie, and she ran forward, knocking over one of Great-aunt Constance’s fragile chairs as she went. The next minute she was holding her mother, hugging her wildly on Aunt Constance’s couch. And her mother was hugging back. â€Å"Good heavens, Cassie,† her mother said a few minutes later, pulling away slightly to look at her. â€Å"The way you’re dressed . . .† Cassie felt for the diadem, which had fallen askew. She settled it on her head and looked into her mother’s eyes. She was so happy to see those eyes looking back at her, and seeing, that she forgot to answer. Deborah’s voice came from the hallway, tired but proud. â€Å"She’s our leader,† she said. Then: â€Å"Anybody got an aspirin?† â€Å"Well, obviously it isn’t just temporary,† Laurel said, looking nettled. â€Å"I mean, we elected you.† â€Å"And you came through,† Deborah said, taking a large bite out of an apple with the hand that wasn’t in a cast. It was the next day. There was no school, because of minor storm damage and the disappearance of the principal. The Circle was enjoying the unseasonably mild weather by having a picnic in Diana’s backyard. â€Å"But we’ve got two leaders now,† said Chris. â€Å"Or is Faye unelected?† â€Å"Hardly,† Faye said, with a withering glance. Melanie shifted thoughtfully, her gray eyes considering. â€Å"Well, other covens have had more than one leader. The original coven did; remember, Black John was only one of the leaders. You could share with Faye, Cassie.† Cassie shook her head. â€Å"Not without Diana.† â€Å"Huh?† said Doug. Nick directed an amused glance at her. â€Å"Diana might not want the honor,† he said. â€Å"I don’t care,† Cassie said, before Diana could say anything. â€Å"I won’t be leader without Diana. I’ll quit. I’ll go back to California.† â€Å"Look, you can’t all be leaders,† Deborah began. â€Å"Why not?† Melanie asked, sitting up. â€Å"Actually, it’s a good idea. You could be a triumvirate. You know, like in Roman times; they had three rulers.† â€Å"Diana might not want to,† Nick repeated, with rising inflection. But Cassie got up and went over to her anxiously. â€Å"You will, won’t you?† she said. â€Å"For me?† Diana looked at her, then at the rest of the Club. â€Å"Yeah, go on,† Doug said expansively. â€Å"Three’s a good number,† Laurel added, smiling impishly. Faye sighed heavily. â€Å"Oh, why not?† she grumbled, looking in the other direction. Diana looked at Cassie. â€Å"All right,† she said. Cassie hugged her. Diana pushed a strand of fair hair back. â€Å"Now I’ve got something for you to do,† she said. â€Å"As a leader, you’re not a junior member of the coven anymore, Cassie, but nobody else can do this. Will you please go and dig up that box I gave you on the night of Hecate?† â€Å"The trust festival box? Is this the time to unbury it?† â€Å"Yes,† Diana said. â€Å"It is.† She was looking at Melanie and Melanie was nodding at her, obviously sharing some secret. Cassie looked at both of them, puzzled, but then she went down the road to get the box, accompanied only by Raj, who trotted along behind her. It was wonderful to be alone, and to know that nothing was out to get her. She dug in the sand near the big rock where she’d buried it that night, and pulled the damp box out. The sea flashed and sparkled at her. She brought it back to Diana’s house, breathless from the walk, and presented it to Diana. â€Å"What’s in there? More Master Tools?† Doug said. â€Å"It’s probably some girl thing,† said Chris. Diana bent over the box, an odd expression on her face. â€Å"You didn’t open it,† she said to Cassie. Cassie shook her head. â€Å"Well, I know you didn’t,† Diana said. â€Å"I knew you wouldn’t. But I wanted you to know. Anyway, it’s yours; and what’s inside it, too. It’s a present.† She blew drying sand off the box and handed it back to Cassie. Cassie looked at her doubtfully, then shook the box. It rattled lightly, as if there were something small inside. She glanced at Diana again. Then, hesitantly, with an almost scared feeling, she opened it. Inside, there was only one object. A little oval of rock, pale blue swirled with gray, embedded all over with tiny crystals which sparkled in the sunlight. The chalcedony rose. Every muscle frozen but her eyes, Cassie looked at Diana. She didn’t know what to do or say. She didn’t understand. But her heart was beating violently. â€Å"It’s yours,† Diana said again, and then, as Cassie just crouched there, immobile, she looked at Melanie. â€Å"Maybe you’d better explain.† Melanie cleared her throat. â€Å"Well,† she said, and looked over at Adam, who was sitting as still as Cassie. He hadn’t said much all morning, and now he was staring at Diana wordlessly, riveted. â€Å"Well,† Melanie said again. Adam still wouldn’t look at her, so she went on anyway. â€Å"It was when Adam was telling us about how he met you,† she said to Cassie. â€Å"He described a connection – what you called a silver cord. You remember that?† â€Å"Yes,† said Cassie, not moving otherwise. She was looking at Diana now too, searching Diana’s face. Diana looked back serenely. â€Å"Well, the silver cord is something real, something in the old legends. The people it connects are soul mates – you know, meant to be together. So when Diana and I heard about it, we knew that’s what you and Adam are,† Melanie finished, sounding glad to be done explaining to people who wouldn’t look at her. â€Å"That was why I was surprised about Nick, you see,† Diana said to Cassie, gently. â€Å"Because I knew you could only love Adam. And I was going to tell you at the very beginning, but then you were asking me to give you another chance, to let you prove you could be faithful . . . and I thought that was a good idea. Not for me, but for you. So you’d know, Cassie, how strong you are. Do you see?† Cassie nodded mutely. â€Å"But – Diana – † she whispered. Diana blinked, her emerald eyes misting over. â€Å"Now you’re going to make me cry,† she said. â€Å"Cassie, with all the unselfishness that’s been going on around here, do you think I’m not going to do my part? You two have been waiting for months because of me. Now you don’t have to wait anymore.† â€Å"There’s nothing anybody can do about it,† Melanie put in, sympathetically but pragmatically. â€Å"You and Adam are linked, and that’s it. There isn’t anyone else for either of you, so you’re stuck together for this lifetime. Maybe for a lot of lifetimes.† Cassie, still frozen, shifted her eyes to Adam. He was looking at Diana. â€Å"Diana, I can’t just †¦ I mean, I’ll always – â€Å" â€Å"I’ll always love you, too,† Diana said steadily. â€Å"You’ll always be special to me, Adam. But it’s Cassie you’re in love with.† â€Å"Yes,† Adam whispered. Cassie looked down at the rough little stone in her palm. It was sparkling crazily and she felt very dizzy. â€Å"Go on, go over to him,† Diana said, pushing her gently. But Cassie couldn’t, so he came to her. He looked a bit dazed, but his eyes were as blue as the ocean in sunlight, and the way he smiled at her made her blush. â€Å"Go on, kiss her,† Chris said. Laurel smacked him. The rest of the Circle looked on with great interest. Adam glared at them and kissed Cassie formally on the cheek. Then, under cover of the groans, he whispered â€Å"Later,† to her in a way that made her pleasantly nervous. Can I handle Herne? she wondered, looking up at his hair that was so many colors: dark like garnet and bright like holly berries, threaded with gold in the sunshine. I guess I’m going to have to, she thought. For a lifetime, Melanie had said; maybe a lot of lifetimes. For some reason that made her look at Faye and Diana. She didn’t know why, and then she had a flash of memory. Sunlight. Golden sunlight, the smell of jasmine and lavender, a laughing voice singing. Kate. Kate’s hair had been the impossible fair color of Diana’s. But, Cassie realized now, Kate’s laughing, teasing eyes had been Faye’s. An ancestress of both of them, Cassie thought. After all, they’re cousins; they’ve got most of their ancestors in common. But something deep inside her seemed to smile, and she wondered. Was Melanie right; was it possible to have more than one life? Could a soul keep coming back to Earth? And if so, could a soul ever – split? â€Å"I think,† she said suddenly to Diana, â€Å"that you and Faye are going to have to learn to get along. I think you two . . . need each other.† â€Å"Of course,† Diana said, as if it were something everybody knew. â€Å"But why?† It was probably a crazy theory. Cassie wouldn’t tell her about it, or at least not right now. Maybe tomorrow. â€Å"I’m going to do a picture, I believe,† Diana was saying thoughtfully, â€Å"to add to my collection. What do you think of the Muse, with the moon and stars around her, looking inspired?† â€Å"I think it’s a good idea,† Cassie said unsteadily. â€Å"What we really have to talk about,† said Melanie, â€Å"is what we’re going to do with the Master Tools now. We have power; the coven has power, and we need to decide what to do with it.† â€Å"Naw, what we need to do is party,† Doug said. â€Å"To make up for all the birthdays that we missed. Chris and me didn’t get a real party, and neither did Sean or Laurel†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Environmentalist!!,† Laurel was saying firmly to Melanie. â€Å"That should be our first cause.† â€Å"I didn’t get a party either,† Suzan pointed out, delicately peeling the wrapper off a Twinkie. Faye examined her nails, jewel-red, in the sunlight. â€Å"I know some people I want to hex,† she said. Cassie looked at them all, her coven, laughing and arguing and debating with each other. She looked at Nick, who was leaning back, looking amused, and he caught her eye and winked. Then she looked at Diana, whose clear green eyes shone at her for a moment. Then, â€Å"Yes, environmentalism is good,† Diana said, turning to Laurel. â€Å"But we have to think about how to improve relations with the outsiders, too †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Cassie looked at Adam and found him looking at her. He took her hand, closing it in his own, both of them holding the chalcedony rose. Cassie looked down at their intertwined fingers, and it seemed that she could see the silver cord again, wrapping around their two hands, connecting them. But not just them. Filaments of the cord seemed to web out and touch the others of the group, linking them together with silver light. They were all connected, all part of one another, and the light shone around them to touch the earth and sky and sea. Sky and sea, keep harm from me. Earth and fire, bring my desire. They had. And they would in the future. With her inner vision, Cassie saw that the Circle was part of something bigger, like a spiral that went on and on forever, encompassing everything, touching the stars. â€Å"I love you,† Adam whispered. From the center of the Circle, Cassie smiled. How to cite The Secret Circle: The Power Chapter Sixteen, Essay examples

Analysis of Firm or Organisation Should Be Protected Against DOS

Question: Discuss about the Analysis On How An Organisation/Firm Should Be Protected Against Denial Of Service (Dos) Attacks In Wireless Sensor Network. Answer: Introduction Nowadays, with the vast advancement of the technologies, internet is becoming the most popular need of the people. No matter what the condition or place is but internet has become the first priorities for the new generation. Therefore, most of the small and large business houses are opting for online business through e-commerce websites. WSN i.e. Wireless sensor networks are very effective and its implementation is very easy. Because of so much of ease and flexibility, it is widely used in business as well as military applications. But there is lack of security issues as well as energy resources which make it very vulnerable to the security threats. As discussed above, the most popular attack is DOS. It disrupts the services by disabling the machine access to the user. It weakens the network connectivity and rends the website network to be incapable of providing the services that they are actually targeted to. This attack works by sending a no. of packets at the victims end that weakens his network connectivity and deny the user to have access to the data (Gong, 2007).. Various techniques have been developed by several researchers that prevent the DOS attack. These prevention techniques are usually based upon AI, Soft computing and multi-agent computing approaches. Most of the business websites are disrupted by DOS attack. It has become the biggest threat to the e-business because of its low security concern. These attacks can result in loss of data, reputation and even money loss for the business. It also disable some services that results in operation delays for the organizations. For a business website these attacks can jam the organization data base by crafting SQL queries and block users by repeating invalid login requests. These attacks may also result in formatting the data from the server computer systems and can cease the website operations that are being accessed by multiple users Risks through Denial of Service DOS works on the concept that overloading a system can crash the system easily. In website applications, it overloads the software by sending multiple no. of attacks due to which the application functioning stops or the application does not remain able to provide the proper web pages. For crashing the web application, threats are send to the following services: Bandwidth of the network Total memory of the server Exception handling approaches of the system Usage of CPU by Application Database connect Space for storing database Earlier, the DOS attacks were used by ethical hackers so as to protest any of the website, but the study has confirmed that these attacks are used as cybercrime profit making tool. In case, if prevention is absent, these threats can lead to: Extortion: The DOS attackers can disrupt the network until the complete payment is not processed. Sabotage: It can attack the websites in order to increase the share rates in the market. Damaging brands: Insecurity of websites may loosen the brands reputation to a great extent. Financial loss: DOS attack does not allow the websites to run their business online effectively that result in loss of advertisement cost and sales revenue. Approaches for Launching DOS attack: There are several ways that an attacker can follow to launch DOS attack: They can attack the system by unplugging the network server. This can only be done if the attackers can contact the servers physically. Another way is by coordination of large no. of computers called zombie computers. This attack is launched to perform attacking at a very large level. This can be done against the target by using: Buffer overflows in the functioning of applications. Upload large files to the server. Recursive queries of SQL. Complex search queries There are various tactics that are used by attackers. The mostly used tactics are as follows: Ping Flooding This is also known as Smurf attack. The working of this testing include the sending of large no. of ping packets to the target. This sending of packets is performed by using ping command. It is the easiest way to launch the attack. The only requirement is to increase the website traffic by sending large no. of packets to such extent that the traffic exceeds the network bandwidth of the website. The packets can also be sent by using forged message addressing. In this, the senders address in not present, therefore it results in ending closed networks. By increasing the no. of packets, we can successfully disrupt the network. Peer-to-Peer In these attacks the attackers disconnect the peer-to-peer connectivity in the targeted system network and connect the target systems website with itself. If there are large no. of systems that are trying to connect to the target system, ten it will surely lower the performance of the web application and result in overflowing of data (Stavros, 2012). In these types of attacks there is no need to have the communication with the systems that the attackers use to launch the attack. Application Level Floods These attacks are not for exploitation of the network bandwidth of the targeted network but it deals with the creation of confusion in the computer applications that result in filling up of the system memory and ultimately in degrading the performance of the application. This tactic is usually performed by using buffer overloading technique. Need to prevent DOS attacks Before moving towards the prevention techniques for DOS attacks, firstly we should know why it is required to prevent these attacks. These attacks are randomly used once they are launched for disrupting any medium, small or large business. If these attacks are not launched for high profile websites then it is launched because of any of the following reasons: Grudge: Enemy or any jealous employee or competitors may have the wish to disrupt a business website so as to get financial profit or to take any kind of revenge. Name Confusion: There may be chances that the websites name can be resembled to any persons name or any place name. Easy target: Small business houses usually dont opt for the security against DOS attack. Therefore, some new start-ups can use their business knowledge for their betterments. Bad luck: Sometimes, in random selection, the attackers choose the website and attack them. These attacks are always unknown and unintentional for the business websites. Therefore there must be proper prevention against these attacks so as to improve the business efficiency as well as for making greater profits. Preventive measures for DOS attack Various preventive measures have been given by several researches that can prevent the websites and system from DOS attack. Following is the table that contain the comparison between the techniques that are being used for prevention from DOS attacks: Technique name Harmful Behaviour Good behaviour Parameters Protocols Evaluating Parameters Game theory Threshold values and falsifying label Reputation Cooperation, reliability, density and distance UDSR protocol Mean of dropped packets Repeated game theory Fails in recognizing the node agreeing to the forward packets. Cooperation Forward packet cost, reputation, rating DSR protocol Hops no. in packets received KDS protection Replication of nodes Reputation HEED protocol Use of energy and life time of the network MOM Frequent attacks to the content Utility Content and no. of messages MOM protocol Packets low rate and amount of packets Cooperative game theory Total detection ratio Attack detection cost Fuzzy Q-Learning protocol Defence rate accuracy and consumption of energy Bayesian game theory Presence of nodes that are non-cooperative Reputation S-LEACH Packets dropped and throughput Prevention and detection based on strength Reply of the message hello Strength of the signal Signal strength AODV routing Receive packets, dropped packets and the ratio of delivery of packets Economical modelling for Security enforcing Presence of nodes that are non-cooperative Reputation SAR Reputation and dropped packets mean Framework base on ant Flooding Low cost Size of buffer Ant-Based Co-FAIS Low time response Usage of energy and in time response Co-FAIS Accurate calculations of the rate of defence and high consumption of electricity The game theory technique is based on the USDR protocol and is used as for routing of security. The protocol used in this technique is actually derived from DSR protocol. In this technique there are four main components: a) Watch-list b) Utility c) Cooperation d) Reputation. Out of all these components, Watch-list is for identifying the code that is malicious in nature, the value of the Utility helps in choosing the security routes, both the remaining components are used for calculating the misbehaviour of the nodes. The repeated game theory protocol is actually based on the theory of a game that is for the recognition of the nodes agreeing to packets that are forward but the nodes are unable to agree the packets. This technique maintains cooperation between the system nodes and if a node behaves as non-cooperative nodes, it does punish those nodes. First of all, the clustering of the sensor nodes is done using the HEED protocol. The residual energy and inter cluster communication are the two parameters of the clusters that are used for selecting CHs value. On detection of a harmful node by the CH, the KDS is sent a request in which KDS disrupts all the operations that are being performed by the harmful node. This disruption is done by deletion of the secret key of the harmful node which makes the node keyless and hence results in disruption of the operations performed by that node. MOM stands for message observation mechanism. In this mechanism, the identification of the content attack as well as the frequent attack is done by using MOM similarity function. After this identification, the harmful node is isolated by adopting rekey and rerouting via MOM. There are three components of MOM: a) NML b) AML c) OM. Here NML stands for normal message list, AML stands for abnormal message list and OM stands for Observation mechanism (Gregory, 2015). The cooperative game theory is based upon Fuzzy Q-Learning protocol. Actually, this technique is made from combining two theories: game and Fuzzy Q. This technique can identify present as well as future attacks. The present attacks are identified via using game theory and the future attacks are identified via using Q-Learning mechanism. These can also identify irregular attacks. In this, three players are present that performs all the tasks. These players are a) Sink node B) base station c) attacker. The sink node is used for monitoring of the message attacks via operation called FQL. If the sink node receives the abnormal message, it sends the alarming signal to the base station, here the sensor node is being assaulted by the attacker. Beyesian game protocol is used for securing the LEACH protocol. This is also called S-LEACH. There are two rounds in this protocol: a) set up phase b) steady state phase. In first phase, the selection of the cluster heads is performed, in the second phase, the time is assigned to the sensor nodes to the belonging Clusters via CHs. These can also perform the transmission of data from the nodes to the clusters. The prevention and detection strength protocol is based on the Hello flood protocol. This protocol attacks on the network layer of the system. In this technique, we make use of the hello message for detecting a nodes presence. On the receiving of the message by any of the node, its neighbour table are updated by the node. This update process is performed so as to route the node in the forward direction to the base station. In this a friend and strange node is detected by using simple text packets. The node that receives the hello message reply a simple text packet to the sending node, if the node receives the reply with in the allotted time then it is considered as friend node else is considered as stranger node. This algorithm makes use of AODV-HFDP algorithm for routing procedure. The Economical model protocol for strength is also known as SAR. SAR stands for Secure Auction based routing. In this timeout timer is used for recognition of harmful node. If the time expires while the nodes are moving towards the destination, it added the bad route nodes to the base station and then the placing of these nodes is done in the watch-list. If a node is repeated in the watch-list, it is ignored by the watch-list and it displays all the remaining nodes. In the ant-based protocol, the detection of the attack is done by the DDA. Here DDA stands for DDOS detecting Ants. In case of the high traffic the control from the DDA is transferred to the DPA. If the packets received by DPA are unaffected by the attack then these are considered as uncontaminated packets and if the received packets are affected then these are considered as contaminated packets and are neglected. The Co-FAIS technique works by the continuous sniffing of data from network and the inspection of the behaviour of the sensors. There are six modules in this technique: a) sniffer b) Fuzzy misuse detector c) Danger detection d) Q-Learning vaccination e) cooperative making of decision f) response. First of all, the packets are received by the sniffer module, then this module transmit all the packets to the detection module where the similarity of the packets is compared by Fuzzy misuse detector. Then the compared packets are transferred to the danger detection mode where the current system usage profile and normal usage file of the system is compared. Then the vaccination system examines the threshold of the used system and then the decision making mode selects the behaviour of the packet as per the comparison of detection modes and vaccination modes, if it examines a real cause attack then the response module removes it, else it keeps the packets. Evaluation All the above techniques that are used for the prevention of system from Denial of Service attack are compared as per their meaning, protocols used by them, their disadvantages, advantages and parameters. Each of the above technique is based upon the finding of the harmful attack and then ignoring it. These harmful packets are removed so as to prevent from the DOS attack. Out of all the above mentioned techniques, Co-FAIS can be considered as the most effective technique for preventing the system for the Denial of Service attack. It is because that in all other techniques only the sent nodes behaviour is being checked. While in the Co-FAIS technique, the behaviour of the node is identified along with it all the neighbour nodes are also alerted with the identification pattern which makes the system more secure. But there are some disadvantages of this technique which are needed to be resolved so as to get the best results from this technique (Booth, 2007). Updates required in Current Co-FAIS system It is an immune system that is used for the prevention from DOS attacks in wireless sensor networks. It is a real time method for providing real time security to the system. This technique has lot of advantages but there are various disadvantages too. It lacks the capabilities of learning and other than this, it is a single normal model due to which it remains constant during the process of detection. The current Co-FAIS system can be modified by the addition of two learning parameters in the logic given by fuzzy. It will reduce the disadvantages of this technique and also increase the detection accuracy rate of the system and helps in improving the capabilities of learning. The modified immune system contains 6 components: Sniffer module: The main aim of this module is the grabbing of the packets from the online networks and then the transmission of those packets to the Fuzzy Misuse detector module. Fuzzy Misuse Detector: This step involves the identification of the harmful packet. The main aim of this step is to compare the reports of the currently processed packets with the normal packets and finding the packets that cross the threshold value. If the threshold value of the packets exceeds the limit value then it sends the attack warning and if remains under the limit then the system is safe from any kind of threat. Danger Detector: If the previous step, detected the attack then the main aim of this module is the calculation of the difference between the harmful packet parameters and the parameters of normal packets. Fuzzy Q-learning detection: The main step of observation of the attack is performed in this module. This module makes the use of FQL protocol for this purpose. This protocol consists of fuzzy controller. The main aim of this fuzzy controller is the conversion of continuous inputs into the fuzzy sets. There are six fuzzy sets: Eu Tr Bs Co Th Si Here, Eu stands for usage of energy. Tr stands for response time. Bs stands for Buffer size. Co stands for count. Th stands for throughput And Si stands for Sleep interval. A threshold value is given to each of the Fuzzy state and then the optimal cost of the system can be calculated as per its values Cooperative decision making: The main aim of this module is the combining of the outcomes that we have obtained in the FMDM and FQDM detectors. This combination is performed so as to get the consolidated results of the threshold value and for analysis the source of the attack. Response: The main aim of this module is to perform the update processes in the main table and modification of all the entries of the host table. This module also deals in the production of signature related to the attack and the elimination of all the possible attacks from the system (Alzaghal, 2006). In this way, by the addition of the two new parameters in the Fuzzy Q-Learning module we can resolve the disadvantages or the limitations of the Co-FAIS system by improving its learning capabilities and increasing the accuracy of the detection rate of the attacks. Conclusion Denial of service attacks reduces the system performance to a great extent. In Wireless sensing networks, the integrity and the protection of the data are considered as the major security concerns. Dos leads to the loss of data and total insure environment for the databases. Therefore, there must be proper prevention techniques for the prevention of the system from DOS attacks. Various researchers have developed several techniques that can be used for the prevention of system from the DOS attacks. In this paper, we have studied a lot regarding the WSN and DOS attack to the system. This much knowledge is sufficient for proposing a technique for prevention from denial of service attack. Therefore, we have proposed a new system by doing the enhancement in the C0-FAIS system. The current Co-FAIS system lacks the capabilities of learning and the detection accuracy rate is also less. Therefore, we have added two new parameters in the Fuzzy Learning detector so as to overcome the disadvantages of the current technique and getting more accurate results than ever before. The new proposed technique provides proper security to the system and prevents it completely from any of the service attacks including DOS attack. Therefore, we can easily rely on this technique for the business websites (Alrajei, 2014). References Alrajei, N. M. (2014). Intrusion detection in wireless sensor networks. Alzaghal, M. H. (2006). Wireless sensor network: channel propagation measurements and comparison with simulation. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School. Booth, J., Gildenhard, I. (2007). Cicero on the attack: invective and subversion in the orations and beyond. Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales. Britz, M. (2009). Computer forensics and cyber crime: an introduction. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Burch, H. (2005). Measuring an IP network in situ. Pittsburgh, PA: School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University. Girwodz, C., Chandra, S. (2006). Multimedia computing and networking 2006. Bellingham, WA: SPIE. Gong, C. (2007). Practical and scalable deployment of DoS defense measures in the internet. Gregory, P. H. (2015). CISSP guide to security essentials. Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Learning. Hu, J. M. (2006). Wireless sensor network: localization and routing. Jahnke, M. (2009). Graph-based automated denial-of-service attack response. Waabs: GCA-Verl. Janczewski, L., Colarik, A. M. (2008). Cyber warfare and cyber terrorism. Hershey: Information Science Reference. Mirkovic, J. (2005). Internet denial of service: attack and defense mechanisms. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference. Naznin, M. (2009). Wireless sensor network: coverage, scheduling and optimization. Saarbrucken: VDM Verlag. Nissar, N. (2011). Secure routing in WSN. Ifrane: Al Akhawayn University Press. REHMAN, S. U. (2012). WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK. S.l.: LAP LAMBERT ACADEMIC PUBL. Robinson, E., Bond, M. (2011). Security for Microsoft Visual Basic .NET. Sebastopol: Microsoft Press. Romero, M. A., Ahmed, T., Bonni, F., Altuna, J. (2006). Wireless sensor network. Arrasate-Mondrago?n: Mondragon Goi Eskola Politeknikoa, Mondragon Unibertsitatea. Saied, A. (n.d.). Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack detection and mitigation. Soltanian, M. R., Amiri, I. S. (2015). Theoretical and experimental methods for defending against DDoS attacks. Waltham, MA: Syngress is an imprint of Elsevier. Stavros, A. V. (2012). Advances in Communications and Media Research. New York: Nova Science , Inc. Thulasiraman, P. (2007). Frontiers of high performance computing and networking --ISPA 2007 workshops: ISPA 2007 international workshops, SSDSN, UPWN, WISH, SGC, ParDMCom, HiPCoMB, and IST-AWSN, Niagara Falls, Canada, August 29-31, 2007: proceedings. Berlin: Springer. Tran, T. P., Tsai, P., Jan, T., Kong, X. (2010). Network Intrusion Detection using Machine Learning and Voting techniques. INTECH Open Access Publisher. Wang, P. (2009). Wireless sensor network: energy efficiency, security, and, fault tolerance. Ottawa: Library and Archives Canada = Bibliothe?que et Archives Canada. Wang, Y., Zhang, X. (2012). Internet of things International Workshop, IOT 2012, Changsha, China, August 17-19, 2012. Proceedings. Berlin: Springer. Whitman, M. E., Mattord, H. J. (2016). Principles of information security. Australia: Delmar. Wu, C. (n.d.). On network-layer packet traceback: Tracing denial-of-service (DoS) and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. Wu, X. (2006). System and control engineering approaches to some network vulnerability problems. Yu, S. (2014). Distributed Denial of Service Attack and Defense. New York, NY: Springer New York.

Is Our Constitution Still Alive Essays - Censorship, Controversies

Is our Constitution Still Alive? The question of whether our Constitution is still alive in America today is a difficult one. Some could say it is and some could say the opposite each with potent evidence and reasons for their beliefs. I feel that modern America is not keeping our original Constitution alive. When it was first made, it was definitely more alive than it is today. So many things have been changed, added, our revised that our Constitution now is almost a whole different document than our original. While some amendments a nd rules in the Constitution are still followed, I feel that the main ones are being forgotten or too modified. I want to say that our modern day society and government is not doing what our Constitution says that our country will do. I would just like to point out a few examples. Domestic tranquility is not ensured, our freedom of speech is limited, and justice is not being established. One of the lines in the preamble is that the Constitution will ensure domestic tranquility. Our government is doing a horrible job of doing that. We hear on the news all the time about spouse abuse, child abuse, sexual assault, and murder going on in households. This is not good. A spouse or girlfriend of some evil man is beaten every five seconds, I read in some pap er before. This has got to stop. I think that our law enforcement agency is too lenient on people who abuse their spouses or children. Most of the time, the victims deny that someone abused them, even though they may have a broken nose or black eye. I think that if a report is called in by a neighbor hearing a confrontation, which is how most reports are made, the police should immediately arrest the man responsible. Other people may say that the police already interfere too much by sometimes not having a warrant or something, but what?s more important; following orders or saving someone?s life? The first amendment is about freedom of press, religion. and SPEECH. Freedom of speech is annoyingly limited in our country today. Censorship is all over the place, even though I read somewhere that they declared censorship unconstitutional. Whether it is unconstitutional or not, censorship is severely violating the rights of some people. Demonstrations are stopped, protests broken up, sometimes these start riots. Citizens should be able to say what they want, then they want with no interference. On the other hand, citizens don?t want their children to be exposed to profanity, nudity, and violence, which I can see as a good point. Although I am all for free speech and no censorship, I am totally against that whole ?gangsta rap? thing. Freedom of speech should not be abused by talking about gangs, guns, drugs, rape, and discriminating women. I still feel that freedom of speech is not as free as it should be. J ustice is hardly enforced in our country and there is so much evidence to prove so. Take the OJ Simpson case. Enough said. It seems now that our justice system is all run on money, like so many other things in our country. Again, domestic life is certainly not tranquil because of our justice system. I don?t know much about it, but what about this whole thing where Clinton can?t be prosecuted while he is president for whatever he did, despite the evidence they might have? Media greatly influences our judicial system by brainwashing our community to believe certain things. I think the death penalty should be enforced, harder. Giving cops the right to shoot anyone with a rag on their head would be a pretty good start. Overcrowded prisons are ludicrous. ?We have to start using capital punishment again. I was really impressed with the death sentence of Davis, I can?t remember his first name, who raped and killed that 12 year old girl, Pauly Klaas. We should go back to an eye for an eye , tooth for a tooth way of justice. In closing, I feel that our Constitution is not practiced today because of domestic conflict, limited free speech, and our corrupt justice system. We have to go back to the roots

Fluctuation of Share Prices in Bangladesh Essays

Fluctuation of Share Prices in Bangladesh Essays Fluctuation of Share Prices in Bangladesh Essay Fluctuation of Share Prices in Bangladesh Essay CONTENTS ABSTRACT3 over view of dhaka stock exchange4 introduction6 problem statement7 Overview7 Research Question/Hypothesis7 OBJECTIVES AND AIMS8 Overall Objective8 Specific Aims8 BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE9 research design and methods11 Overview11 Sources of Data11 Collection of Data11 time fram e 12 key determinants of share price of dse13 conclusion and recommendation17 BIBILIOGRAPHY 18 APPENDIX 19 Background As, in Bangladesh many people are involved in share business and, significantly many newcomers are heading towards the markets for investing but most of them are investing whimsically or without proper justification on the share markets. As a result some are gaining markedly and some are returning back loosing a great amount. Some think that dividend policy is the key factor of the share price fluctuation. Actually it is not the only factors behind the movement of share prices. Financial scholars have been conducting studies of dividend policy for several decades; but different researchers have come to different conclusions. Financial economists have come to different conclusion about factors determining dividend policy and effect of dividend policies on common stock price. A general question may arise in the mind of the shareholders that the corporate dividend policy affects the value of their stocks. So, in addition to the theory of dividend policy, it is necessary to discuss the empirical evidence on the dividend payment practices of the corporations and their possible impacts on common stock prices. : Empirical testing of dividend policy may focus on determinants which directly and indirectly affects the stock prices in Bangladesh especially in the Dhaka Stock Exchange. Key words: Stock market, economic factors, political factors, stability. INTRODUCTION The stock exchange has been perceived by many as the backbone for most contemporary economies, serving a critical need of raising capital funds for companies at a reasonably low cost as compared to other sources of finance such as borrowing. The stock exchange serves two critical functions; it provides a critical link between companies that need funds to set up new businesses or to expand their current operations and investors that have excess funds to invest in such companies and it provides a regulated market place for buying and selling of shares at prices determined by supply and demand, not withstanding other macroeconomic fundamentals such as interest and inflation rates. To meet their short-term cash requirements corporations usually borrow from banks. However, when corporations need long term financing they may sell their ownership interests in the company to the public, or borrow from the public by selling bonds. Stocks exist to enable companies in need of long term financing to sell pieces of their business as stock (equity securities) in exchange for cash. This is the principal method for raising capital other than issuing bonds. These publicly held shares could be traded to other investors on the stock market. The Bangladesh Stock Exchange (DSE) has become very important as an investment vehicle for both local and international investors especially after the introduction Economic Structural Adjustment Program (ESAP) in 1991 when borrowing rates increased to levels above one hundred percent. This study will try to unravel the major qualitative arguments of stock prices on the DSE. Origins of the Dhaka Stock Exchange: Dhaka Stock Exchange  (Generally known as DSE) is the main  stock exchange  of  Bangladesh. It is located in  Motijheel  at the heart of the  Dhakacity. It was  incorporated  in 1954. Dhaka stock exchange is the first stock exchange of the country. As of 18 August 2010, the Dhaka Stock Exchange had over 750 listed companies with a combined  market capitalization  of $50. 28 billion. History It first incorporated as  East Pakistan  Stock Exchange Association Ltd in 28 April 1954 and started formal  trading  in 1956. It was renamed as East Pakistan Stock Exchange Ltd in 23 June 1962. Again renamed as  Dacca Stock Exchange Ltd in 13 May 1964. After the  liberation war  in 1971 the trading was discontinued for five years. In 1976 trading restarted in Bangladesh. In 16 September 1986 was started. The formula for calculating DSE all share price index was changed according to  IFC  in 1 November 1993. The  automated trading  was initiated in 10 August 1998. In 1 January 2001 was started. Central Depository System  was initiated in 24 January 2004. As of November 16, 2009, the benchmark index of the Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) crossed 4000 points for the first time, setting another new high at 4148 points. Formation Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) is a  public limited company. It is formed and managed under  Company Act 1994,  Security and Exchange Commission Act 1993,  Security and Exchange Commission Regulation 1994, and Security Exchange (Inside Trading) regulation 1994. The  issued capital  of this company is Tk. 500,000 which is divided up to 250  shares  each pricing Tk. 2000. No individual or firm can buy more than one share. According to stock market rule only members can participate in the floor and can buy shares for himself or his clients. At present it has 230 members. Market capitalization of the Dhaka Stock Exchange reached nearly $9 billion in September 2007 and $27. billion in Dec 9, 2009. Management The management and operation of Dhaka Stock Exchange is entrusted on a 25 members Board of Director. Among them 12 are elected from DSE members, another 12 are selected from different trade bodies and relevant organizations. The CEO is the 25th ex-officio member of the board. The following organizations are currently holding posit ions in DSE Board: ? Bangladesh Bank ? ICB ? President of  Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh ? President of  Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industries ? President of  Metropolitan Chambers of Commerce and Industries ? Professor of Finance Department of  Dhaka University ? President of DCCI (Dhaka Chamber of Commerce and Industry) Mr. Md. Shakil Rizvi is the current president of DSE. Trading The Dhaka Stock Exchange is open for trading Sunday through thursday between 11:00am – 3:00pm  BST, with the exception of holidays declared by the Exchange in advance. Recent Developments in DSE Total market capitalization of all listed securities in DSE increased substantially (by around 133 percent) in end of December, 2007 to Tk. 753. billion which, as a share of GDP, reached a new height in 2007 of nearly 16. 0 percent as against 2. 3 percent in 2003. In December 2007, a total of 350 securities were listed at DSE comprising 266 companies, 14 mutual funds, 8 debentures, 61 treasury bonds, and 1 corporate bond as opposed to a total of 267 securities comprising of 248 companies, 11 mutual funds, and 8 debentures in December 2003. Thu s during the last four years only 43 new companies got listed in the DSE of which only three were listed by direct listing route, and the rest were listed through public offering. Market indicators started to show new dynamism from November 2003 and reached new heights at the end of December 2003 as the daily average turnover jumped to Tk. 136. 9 million from the recorded low of Tk 30. 3 million in September 2003 (Chart 1). The DSE general index also started to rise from November 2003 which continued till the end of December 2004, as the DSE-Gen index reached its peak at 1971. 3. These developments owed significantly to the banking sector performance, as indicated by market capitalization and total turnover. Declaration of lucrative incentives in the FY04 national budget, floatation of shares of some profitable companies through Initial Public Offer (IPO) along with several important reform measures initiated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) helped to regain investor’s confidence back to the capital market. The FY04 national budget exempted the purchasers of listed equities of any queries as to the source of fund so long as purchased shares were not sold or transferred within two years of purchase. This was made effective for a limited period (FY04 to FY05). In addition, dividend-income tax was exempted and a new dividend distribution tax was imposed on the companies paying dividend. 1 One important development in the capital market in 2004 was the initiation of electronic settlement through the Central Depository System (CDS) in January 2004. In order to prevent market manipulation by in-house officials of listed companies, SEC banned the purchasing or selling of shares of a company by its owners during an interim period (from the date of the financial year closure and the day of approval of accounts by the company’s board). De-listing of 13 companies in August 2004 by DSE due to their repeated failure in complying with the listing rules was also an important step toward bringing discipline in the stock exchange. The trading of Bangladesh Government Treasury Bonds (BGTBs) started in DSE from January 2005. However, in order to temper the rising trend of stock index and control excess liquidity in the capital market, SEC temporarily suspended the credit facility extended by brokers to their clients. 2 At the same time, SEC also increased the members’ trade margin requirements by reducing the free trading limit from Tk. 10 million to Tk. million. As a result, secondary market activities became quiet during January-Februaryn 2005 and the daily average turnover declined to Tk. 245 million from Tk. 402 million in November-December 2004. However, the daily average turnover of DSE increased to Tk. 447 million in March 2005, which significantly surpassed the level of daily average transactions during the F Y03-FY05 period. 3 Considering the interest of the investors, SEC amended the margin rule in February 2004 by increasing the free limit to Tk. 10 million; and withdrew the order relating to the suspension of margin rule in April 2005. At the end December 2005, the stock index stood at 1,677. 3. The market observed a downward trend during January-June 2006 and then turned positive from July 2006. In August 2006, the daily average turnover at DSE reached Tk. 561 million, where Dhaka Electric Supply Company (DESCO) and Rupali Bank Limited accounted for around 13 1 In order to attract companies into the capital market, several other steps were also taken. The corporate tax rate for non-listed companies was fixed at 37. 5 percent and for listed companies it remained unchanged at 30 percent (and 45 percent on banks, insurance, and financial institutions). However, 10 percent tax rebate was allowed for companies declaring 20 percent or more in dividend. 2 The DSE-general index increased by 52 percent during July to December 2004 and the daily average turnover increased from Tk. 140 million in March-July 2004 to Tk. 316 million in August-December 2004. 3 Around 59 percent of the turnover was attributed to the banking sector. and 4 percent of the total turnover respectively. 4 In the wake of political instability, the market witnessed fluctuations during the last two quarters of 2006; the index however rose to 1,609. at the end of 2006. Sign of vibrancy in DSE started from the beginning of 2007 and continued till the last trading day of the year. All the market barometers significantly rose during 2007 reflecting regained investors’ confidence after 1996 stock market bubble. The increasing trend of DSE-Gen index started in January 2007 and continued over the year except for a short period covering February-April 2007. The DSE-Gen index crossed the 3,000 mark for the first time and closed at 3,017. 2 on the last trading day in 2007. In October 2007, the daily average turnover at DSE reached Tk. ,297 million, but declined to Tk. 1,244 million in December 2007 mainly due to SEC intervention. 5 OBJECTIVES AND AIMS Overall Objective It is important to have a sound knowledge over the field where someone wants to have an access in business or any career related job. Since, share market is popularly recognized as a good field for investment many people intends to invest here for safety and good return than Bank or any other Financing company. But some people found it more volatile than other and considered as insecure investment. My study would like to meet up the following pursued objectives To map out the limitations of the bank-based financing system of Bangladesh. To examine the structure of the existing financial sector of Bangladesh emphasizing on an organized capital market. To analyze limitations and examine opportunities of the capital market of Bangladesh covering both equity and debt markets in creating a congenial investment climate. To provide a useful basis for building a sustainable capital market with a view to creating a healthy investment climate in Bangladesh. To find out the reason of market fluctuation and make a steady market . Specific Aims The main objectives of the study is to make a sustainable environment in the share market as the investors find it a safe and secure place for their investing . Attract investors to invest more in the market showing that the reasons of the market fluctuation and its inside conspiracy . MATERIALS AND METHODS The focus of this review is the determination of stock prices in Bangladesh. To gather the information that we wanted we used interviews and the archival method. We targeted the people in the various organizations/companies that are registered on the Dhaka Stock Exchange, stock exchange staff, stock broking firms, investment analysts. In some instances we engaged people in some informal discussions because if people know that they are being interviewed they tend to withhold some information which they think is sensitive. We also gathered published information [3] from various libraries and the Bangladesh Stock Exchange publications. Importance of stock markets The importance of the stock market as an investment vehicle for the investors is explained here. Very few people in Bangladesh are aware that they can invest money on the stock market and reap some very lucrative returns through dividends and capital gains. For investors who invest on the market there are of course some risks that they have to live with, for example, the unexpected crashing of the stock market. According to McGregor[6] companies usually borrow money from banks in order to meet their short-term cash requirements. However, when they need long-term finance, they may sell their ownership interests in the company by using common and preferred stocks. Moreover, they can also borrow from the public by selling bonds to meet their long-term capital requirements. Stocks exist to enable companies in need of long-term finance to sell pieces of their business as stocks (equity securities) in exchange for cash. The selling of equity securities is the principal method of raising long-term capital other than the issuing bonds. The publicly held shares can be traded to other investors on the stock market and are in this case, known to be liquid[5]. According to Stanlake[7] company shares represent permanent loans and there are no rights to repayment of such loans. He also noted that in the absence of some kind of stock exchange, securities such as these will be very illiquid and it would be very difficult to find buyers for them. Hence, the existence of the stock exchange solves this problem because it provides a market where holders of shares and long term securities can always buy and sell them. A company that has obtained permission to have its shares traded on the stock exchange will find it much easier to raise new capital by making an issue of shares. The stock exchange, therefore, is an essential part of the capital market, i. . , market for long-term loans[2]. Shauna Croome[1] states that companies receive money from the securities market only when they first sell a security to the public in the primary market, which is commonly referred to as an Initial Public Offer (IPO). It is in the subsequent trading of these shares on the stock market that investors buying and selling the stock would benefit from the movements in the stock price. The benefits accrue through either the appreciation of the stock price or the dividends that are paid out. Croome[1] further went on to explain why management and founder members of a given company care about their stock’s performance in the secondary market when the company has already received its money in the IPO. He argued that the explanation lies in the fact that management or founder members of a public company tend to own a significant number of shares and also that salary incentives or stock options for management could be tied to the performance of the company’s stock. For these two reasons, management acts as shareholders and thus pay attention to their stock price. According to McGregor[6] another main role of the stock market is to act as a barometer of the financial health for the companies that are listed. Thus creditors tend to favorably consider companies whose shares are performing very well for financing purposes. This preferential treatment is due to the relationship, which exists between a company’s earnings and its share price. Over the long term, strong earnings are a good indication that the company will be able to meet its debt requirements. As a result, the company will receive cheap finance because of the lower risk associated with it. The Dhaka Stock Exchange provides the platform and the means for raising capital for both Bangladesh and international companies through the issuance of equity, debentures and depository receipts. It also provides investors with the opportunity to buy and sell shares in any company listed on the stock exchange. The other fact that has to be considered is that a stock exchange has been perceived as the backbone for most contemporary economies, serving a critical need of raising capital funds for companies at a reasonably low cost as compared to other sources of finance such as borrowing[2]. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF DETERMINANTS OF STOCK PRICE OF DSE The determinants of stock prices that we established after analyzing the data that we collected through archival techniques and interviews are summarized below: Corporate earnings: Information on a company’s performance and growth prospects is very important in determining a company’s share price. Demand increases for the shares that have a high prospect for growth (blue chip shares). The prices of such shares rise much faster than those of companies whose growth prospects are bleak. The expected receipt of dividend income is sometimes an incentive for investing in a given stock, particularly if the yield on the investment exceeds the return offered on other alternative investments like savings accounts. Investors may pay a premium for shares in issue. The less liquid the shares are, the more difficult they are to come across and one may have to pay a premium in order to get them. Management: The strength of the management team plays a very crucial role in determining the price of a share. Changes in the management team affect both the risk and returns associated with the counter. If the Nincumbent management team is perceived to be strong due to its past performance, changes in such a team can result in the dropping of share price and vice versa. Lawsuits: News of lawsuits against a company can severely affect its share price. Besides the issue of unwanted bad publicity, lawsuits can result in fines, damages and/or withdrawal of trading licenses. This is risky for an investor and therefore causes a plunge in the share price. Market liquidity and stability: When the market is less liquid, there are no funds to buy shares and hence share prices go down especially when supply is high. During financial crises, stock market information is very sensitive and hence share prices are volatile. Stock prices normally decline during the subscription period and when companies announce rights issues. Stock markets include laws that govern insider trading because this can also lead to share price volatility. Insider dealing is trading of stocks by people within the company who have important information about the direction the company is taking. The public may deduce that when the insiders are buying or selling shares of their own companies, they have some important information about the companies that drive them to do so. Availability of substitutes: When the market has substitute securities such as loan stocks, unit trusts and treasury bills, the share prices often go down or remain constant. For eight days from the 7th to the 14th of October 2004, most share prices for companies on the DSE traded at constant prices due to the short term treasury bills that were issued by the central bank during the same period to reduce market liquidity. For example, Old Mutual shares traded at a constant price of $11800 during that period even after the publication of some impressive results. Government policy: Changes or proposed changes in the system of taxation, government spending, monetary policy and in industrial policy (e. g. , privatization) can have an important effect on people’s willingness to buy or sell shares. In Bangladesh the recent problems that were experienced in the financial services sector have had profound effect on the financial counters. According to the Business Herald (5th of October 2004) financial counters are no longer as attractive to the prospective investors as they were in the previous years. Sentiments on the financial counters, with the exception of those that are financially stable reached their lowest ebb in 2004. During the first half of the year financial counters either remained static or plummeted, with at least three firms being suspended from trading on the Dhaka Stock Exchange. It can also be noted that each time a monetary policy or a government budget statement is presented the share prices are affected in some way. This clearly demonstrates the fact that government policy and actions impact on the share prices of listed companies. Macroeconomic fundamentals: Interest rates and inflation also have an effect on share prices. Where real interest rates are negative, investors tend to seek alternatives that yield positive returns and shares are one such alternative. As investors move from the money market to the DSE, share prices are likely to increase due to increased demand. When investors are assured of positive real interest rates on the money market they are more likely to invest on the money market where returns are guaranteed instead of the stock market where returns are uncertain. The exchange rate also has an effect on share prices as it affects the companies that either export or import. Devaluation of a currency might have a positive effect on the share price of an exporting company as it improves its competitiveness on international market. However, the companies that import raw materials are negatively affected by devaluation as their production costs automatically go up. On the other hand, companies that produce import substitutes are likely to benefit from devaluation as the imported products become less competitive as compared locally produced goods. Investor sentiments: Share price movements are also explained by the perceptions of the investors. For example in a bull market share prices are expected to rise and in a bear market they are expected to fall. Investor sentiments may be demonstrated through the seasonality of stock markets. For instance, share prices are usually anticipated to fall during the festive season. This compels some investors to redeem their shares just before the beginning of the festive season so as not to experience capital losses. The level of confidence of the investors in the general economy and economic policies of the country also impact on the share prices. For example, the land reform program, social unrest and policy reversals that were experienced between 1997 and 2001 negatively affected the stock market, as investors were uncertain about the direction the economy was taking. Uncertainties of this nature may also affect the global markets, for example, just after the 11th of September 2001 attack on the USA major world stock markets recorded their lowest volumes of trade. Technical influences: Technical influences are another factor that impact on share prices. A good example is the ranking of counters according to the performance and the profitability of the companies. Investors tend to regard highly counters in the ‘top ten’ and these are the companies they would be inclined to invest in. This is a self-fulfilling prophecy because as investors demand such shares their prices continue to go up. For example, in Bangladesh counters such as Old Mutual, Portland Cement, British American Tobacco, Delta Life Insurance are some of the counters in the top ten and they are the ones that are popular with investors. Another technical influence is the use of past share prices to forecast how share prices and stock markets will perform in the future. A company’s previous performance may always act as a pointer to its future performance and this guides investors as far as their investment decisions are concerned. Analyst reports: Analysts’ recommendations on â€Å"buy† or â€Å"sell† decisions affect prices of stocks in question as investors normally take heed of such recommendations. The public normally accepts the advice given by the analysts since the analysts are specialists in their respective fields. The determinants of share price on the basis of face value: Every company has a face value Company announce the dividend on the basis of face value On the basis of premium on share On the basis on right share On the basis of bonus share Earning revenue of company determined the share price Reputation of company often determined the share price Consistency of company often determined the share price Offerings of company determined the share price Determinants of share prices on the basis of Market Mechanism Ignorance about share market Syndicates affect on share market False information is a determinant of share market Unconsciousness of money market is one of the main reason of the fluctuation of the share market, Determinants of share prices on the basis of liquidity and governmental steps Interest rate of Bangladesh Bank and commercial Bank Inflation rate Total GDP Determinants of Market Price of Common Stock Present, past and future earnings of the company generally guide the shareholders? expectations of dividends and capital gains. The portion of earnings into dividends, and retained earnings is taken into account by the investors. Two major hypotheses are basically developed to explain the determinants of share price viz. , i) dividend hypothesis and ii) retained earnings hypothesis. The former attributes the explanation of share prices to the proportion of earnings that are distributed as dividends. Share price of a company with higher dividend payout would be higher. Even, if earnings remain the same, share price will increase as dividend payout increases. Several arguments, however, are developed in favor of dividend hypothesis as: a) dividends tend to reduce the risk and uncertainty attached to a share, b) it refers to the psychological preference of investors for current rather than future earnings, and c) it relates to the information content of dividend payout as dividends are taken by investors as a tangible evidence of earnings capacity of a firm. Retained earnings hypothesis, on the other hand, contends that higher share prices are consequences of higher retained earnings. Retained earnings being an important source of internal financing for business expansion effect share prices by their influence on future earnings. Kumar and Mohan (Kumar and Mohan, 1975) hypothesized that the market price of share is a function dividends and retained earnings and used the following regression Equation: Pit = a + bDit + cRit 29 where, Pit = price of stock i at time t, Dit = dividend per share of stock i at time t and Rit = retained earnings of stock i at time t. The coefficients they estimated for the two explanatory variables, dividends and retained earnings, are more or less equally significant. They argued that the dividend hypothesis has a little superiority over the retained earnings in determining the share prices, as T value is found slightly higher in case of dividends. Consistently, Nishat (Nishat, 1995) attempted to judge the relative importance of the dividend vis-a-vis retained earnings hypothesis in determining the share prices. He developed the following model to compare the dividend and retained earnings influence on the share prices in highly profitable growth industries of Pakistan: Pit = ? 0 + ? 1Dit + ? 2Rit Where, Pit = price of stock i at time t, Dit = dividend per share of stock i at time t and Rit = retained earnings. The above model might cause an upward bias in the dividend coefficient due to two major reasons. Firstly, the relationship is misspecified as it assumed that the riskiness of the firm was uncorrelated with dividend payout and share prices. This problem should be eliminated by introducing a variable namely lag of earning price ratio, to measure individual deviation from the sample average earning price ratio in the previous year periods as follows: Pit = ? 0 + ? 1Dit + ? 2Rit + ? 3[P/E] i(t? ) Where, [P/E]i(t? 1) = price earnings ratio of the previous Secondly, the income reported by a corporation in any particular period is subject to a host of short-run economic and accounting factors. If prices were related to normal than reported income, in regression equation, it would produce biased results in favor of dividend payout. However, the difference between the dividend and retained earnings coefficient might be reduced by use the following model: Pit = ? 0 + ? 1Dit + ? 2Rit + ? 3Pi(t? 1) Where, Pi(t? 1) = share price of the previous year. Some Policy Implications Volatility in stock prices is a common phenomenon in the equity market. Individual stock price undergoes ups and downs which is a regular feature of an efficient stock market. In the absence of price volatility, potential investors lose interest to participate in the stock market. However, careful monitoring of volatility by the concerned authority is needed in DSE which is yet to achieve maturity especially when high volatility exists in the market. If necessary, there should be effective intervention when the market experiences excess volatility. During unpredictable movements of individual stock prices, it would be useful for the authority to identify the factors behind such price movements and quickly disseminate the information to interested stakeholders. In addition, the authority may take measures to make available all relevant information relating to real worth of the companies experiencing excess volatility in stock prices, especially to the investors. It isn also important to ensure adequate supply of stocks through active participation of the government in the capital market particularly to dampen the excess demand. The endeavor should be to make the market more liquid, and the government can directly contribute to this by floating more treasury bonds. The availability of risk-free instruments would allow the investors to diversify their portfolios that carry lower risks. Of course, greater awareness and the development of stock market infrastructure are essential to stock market development. In addition, it is necessary to ascertain enforceable regulations that would ensure financial transparency, stop financial malpractice, and prevent any form of market manipulation. Capital market participation, in the form of floating debt and equity or asset securitization, remains the acceptable options of financing and materializing these options. As a financial product, securitization has gained popularity in Bangladesh for providing a method of issuing bonds that ensure maximum safety for investors. Most importantly, securitization addresses the fundamental asset liability maturity mismatch problem by providing true long-term funds. Upswings and downswings in the share market occur daily and no one can fathom the precise reasons. Why do the share prices fluctuate, beating the estimates of the brokers or investors? The price level is affected by the complex environment of the total economic system and all the economic activities are interlinked. Some of the important reasons that adversely affect the market are, extreme climatic conditions like heavy rain and floods or the total absence of it leading to crop failure, the varying interest rates, the political developments, war-like conditions or actual war, policy changes made by the government in the regulatory mechanism, and conditions that disrupt the confidence of the investing community. Even when the economic conditions are favorable, the share prices may crumble due to many extraneous factors. The internet and industrial revolution have deeply impacted the market and the technological advancement will continue to affect the small and big companies. The concept that world is one family has become the reality in the commercial world. So, global and domestic factors will have to be taken into account while  trading  in shares. Not long ago, if an entrepreneur thought of establishing an industrial unit, his survey would mostly confine to similar units within the country and their competing capacities. The situation is no more the same. For example, the giftware industry in India is facing stiff competition from China, and several units have pulled the shutters down or are on the verge of closure. The shareholders who invested in reputed gift items manufacturing companies have suffered losses. The most unexpected things happen in the share market and the random, unforeseen forces do their job pretty well to demolish the conclusions of the analysts and researchers. The market shifts dynamically with the impact of the laws of supply and demand, and the cyclical nature of the share market. Even a shrewd investor can only make a general guess about the adverse market factors affecting shares, but the precise predictions are impossibility. Finally, there are  stock  specific factors and general market conditions that will impact the price of a share. Professional stock trading companies offer consultancy that will help an investor to take profitable decisions. Do not go by cheap advertisements that promise you the moon. Such agencies get payment of their fees/brokerage and later land you in trouble. Conclusion and Policy Implications This study attempts to analyze different theoretical models in explaining the impact of dividend vis-a-vis retained earnings along with other independent variables like price earnings ratio of the previous year, lagged price on the prices of the stocks associated with DSE. To this end, some empirical studies relating stock prices to dividends and retained earnings conducted elsewhere have been analyzed. These studies produced considerable controversy and confusion regarding relative importance of dividend and retained earnings in the explanation of stock prices. In my study, the relative importance of dividend, retained earnings, price earnings ratio of the previous year and lagged price in explaining stock prices of the companies listed with DSE are explained. The findings suggest that in the market of DSE the overall impact of dividend on stock prices is comparatively better than that of retained earnings when dividend and retained earnings are taken as explanatory variables. It is also found that the impact of dividend and retained earnings is above the impact of additional explanatory variables like price earning ratio for the previous year and lagged prices. It means that whatever explanatory variable is taken announcements of expected dividends of the firms listed with DSE play an important role in the determination of stock prices. On the other hand, the study evidenced little bit different view when industry-wise dynamic relations are revealed. In some industries the impact of dividend on stock prices is stronger than that of retained earnings when dividend and retained earnings are taken as explanatory variables. In some cases the dividend impact remains very close to the retained earnings impact and in some cases impact of retained earnings on stock prices is comparatively better than that of dividend. It is also found that the impact of dividend and retained earnings is above the impact of additional explanatory variables like price earnings ratio for the previous year. But the impact of dividend and retained earnings is not above the impact of additional explanatory variables like lagged prices. Finally, it may, however, be concluded that whatever explanatory variable is taken announcements of expected dividends of the firms listed with DSE does not play an important role in the determination of stock prices in all industries. Although the study does not uncover the exact reasons of the dividend relevance like these, it merely provides that dividend announcement of the organizations in all industries does not have substantial explanatory power in explaining stock prices of the firms listed with Dhaka Stock Exchange. REFERENCES AHARONY, J. SWARY, I. 1980. Quarterly Dividend and Earnings Announcements and Stockholders Returns: An Empirical Analysis. The Journal of Finance, 35, 1-12. ALLEN, D. E. RACHIM, V. S. 1996. Dividend policy and stock price volatility: Australian evidence. Applied Financial Economics, 6, 175-188. ATIASE, R. K. 1985. Predisclosure Information, Firm Capitalization, and Security Price Behavior Around Earnings Announcements. Journal of Accounting Research, 23, 21-36. BAE, G. S. , S. , C. Y. KANG, J. K. 2008. Intragroup Propping: Evidence from the Stock-Price Effects of Earnings Announcements by Korean Business Groups. Review of Financial Studies, 21, 2015-2060. BAJAJ, M. VIJH, A. M. 1995. Trading Behavior and the Unbiasedness of the Market Reaction to Dividend Announcements. The Journal of Finance, 50, 255-279. BALI, R. HITE, G. L. 1998. Ex dividend day stock price behavior: discreteness or tax-induced clienteles? Journal of Financial Economics, 47, 127-159. BAMBER, L. S. 19 86. The Information Content of Annual Earnings Releases: A Trading Volume Approach. Journal of Accounting Research, 24, 40-56. BAMBER, L. S. CHEON, Y. S. 1995. Differential Price and Volume Reactions to Accounting Earnings Announcements. The Accounting Review, 70, 417-441. BARCLAY, M. J. SMITH, C. W. J. A. W. , R. L. 1995. The Determinants of Corporate leverage and Dividend Policies. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 7, 4-19. BEAVER, W. H. 1968. The Information Content of Annual Earnings A [pic]

Western Humanities Essay - How is the Palace of Versailles a fitting

Western Humanities - How is the Palace of Versailles a fitting symbol of the Age of Absolutism - Essay Example Louis chose to build the palace on the location of his father’s hunting lodge in Versailles. For the next two decades the town became an enormous construction site. Le Vau added new wings and faà §ades on every side until they completely enveloped the original hunting lodge. Illustrious additions included the Sun King’s magnificent bedroom (the Chambre du Roi), and the famous Galerie des Glaces (Hall of Mirrors). Construction of the Hall of Mirrors began in 1678. The principal feature of this famous hall is the seventeen mirror-clad arches that reflect the seventeen arcaded windows that overlook the gardens (Singleton 25). The mirrors are very decadent and decorated and they use natural light and candlelight to create awesome space. There is an Audience hall within that highlights Louis XIV’s enormous wealth and power. Ceiling frescoes illustrate Louis’s successes in war. Versailles became the home of the French nobility and the location of the royal court thus becoming the center of French government. Symbolically the central room of the long extensive symmetrical range of buildings was the Kings Bedchamber. All the power of France emanated from this center: there were government offices here; as well as the homes of thousands of courtiers, their retinues and all the attendant functionaries of court, thus keeping the lords close at hand and securing the French government in an absolute monarchy. All major avenues radiate from and to the palace courtyard. The King’s bedchamber is the actual radiating point, which highlights the king’s centrality. Buildings create an embrace and the gardens reflect the King’s mastery over the natural world. Exterior is classical; linear and geometric that emphasizes order and stability (Ranum 20). Louis weakened the power of the nobles by excluding them from his councils. In contrast, he increased the power of the government agents called intendants, which collected taxes and